Résumé -Discussion sur les mécanismes d'agglomération entre particules d'hydrate dans les émulsions eau dans huile -Le bouchage des conduites lors de la formation des hydrates de gaz dans les émulsions eau dans huile peut être appréhendé par l'augmentation de la fraction volumique effective de la suspension de particules d'hydrate. Cette augmentation est due à un processus d'agglomération qui se produit pendant la phase de formation des hydrates. Deux mécanismes d'agglomération présentés dans la littérature sont discutés. Le premier est le mécanisme d'agglomération induit par contact pour lequel le processus de cristallisationagglomération est le résultat du contact entre une goutte d'eau et une particule d'hydrate. Le second est le mécanisme d'agglomération limité par le cisaillement pour lequel la compétition entre force hydrodynamique et force adhésive est considérée. Il est proposé de réunir ces deux mécanismes dans un modèle unifié afin de prédire l'évolution de la viscosité de la suspension d'hydrate pendant la formation. Un tel modèle repose sur un modèle de bilan de population dans lequel le noyau d'agglomération est associé au mécanisme d'agglomération induit par contact et le noyau de fragmentation est associé au mécanisme d'agglomération limité par le cisaillement. Abstract -Discussion of Agglomeration Mechanisms between Hydrate Particles in Water in

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Mud-gas technologies for continuous PVT-like analysis of reservoir fluids in the drilling mud require a calibration procedure to determine the efficiency of the gas extraction process. This procedure is required because the efficiency of the hydrocarbons extraction process is strongly affected by the drilling mud type and properties, and so it must be performed any time the mud significantly changes. The calibration procedure requires a sample of drilling mud that contains significant amounts of alkanes. Currently, this sample is collected while drilling during a gas peak and stored until the end of the phase, when the calibration can be performed. Thus, the gas extraction efficiency can only be determined at the end of each drilled section, and the quantitative analysis of the reservoir fluid in the mud is made available only at the end of each section. This paper presents a new procedure, in which a Calibration Mud sample is built by injecting and emulsifying several alkanes into the mud. The calibration can then be performed at any time before drilling commences. It is extremely difficult to inject and dissolve gaseous light hydrocarbons into a mud sample at the rigsite. For this reason, we inject a sample of six liquid alkanes into the mud and emulsify it to build a mud sample suitable for the calibration procedure. The extraction efficiencies for the lighter gas alkanes are then extrapolated from those of the injected alkanes using a model of the extraction process. The new calibration process has been tested in several wells around the world. In each test, the new calibration process and standard calibration (performed at the end of the phase using mud collected while drilling) were performed. Validation of the new technique comes from ensuring the extraction efficiency coefficients using our new calibration mud match those coming from the standard calibration. The results were conclusive with similar coefficients obtained in each test. The uncertainty intervals overlap, and the calibration coefficients are statistically equivalent. The new calibration procedure represents an innovative methodology enabling real-time, continuous quantification of the light hydrocarbons content (C1-C6) of the reservoir fluid, comparable to the PVT monophasic composition, while drilling, at surface. This is the first time that such data can be delivered in real-time while drilling. The resulting measurements have multiple applications such as enhanced geosteering and well placement, real-time identification of gas-oil contacts, and real-time selection of sampling points and can be integrated with downhole tool measurements to provide a true real-time understanding of the subsurface fluids.