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AbstractWe derive the general equilibrium condition for the terms of trade in a two-country economy model. We show that the Marshall–Lerner condition is only a special case of this condition, in which a full exchange rate pass-through to import prices is assumed. In fact, the Marshall–Lerner condition is not even a ‘useful approximation’ of the general condition. For the full pass-through assumption has destabilising, rather than stabilizing, effects, when it is introduced in a stock-flow consistent dynamic model. More generally, the higher (lower) the pass-through, the slower (quicker) is the adjustment of the economy towards the equilibrium. This is tantamount to saying that the speed of adjustment is a positive function of the strategic behaviour of the exporters, who attempt to retain their market share by keeping their foreign currency-denominated prices unchanged.
This paper is focused on Modern Monetary Theory's (MMT) treatment of inflation from an open economy perspective. It analyzes how the inflation process is explained within the MMT framework and provides empirical evidence in support of this vision. However, it also makes use of a stock-flow consistent (open economy) model to underline some limits of the theory when it is applied in the context of a non-US (relatively) open economy with a flexible exchange rate regime. The model challenges the contention made by MMTers that measures such as the job guarantee program can achieve full employment without facing an inflation-unemployment trade-off.
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