The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in key populations at increased risk of transmission of HIV. Additionally, we aimed to identify the associated risk factors for asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and evaluate the acceptability of self-collected samples. Asymptomatic people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the following categories were offered testing: discordant couples, young adults, pregnant patients and those attending the ‘most-at-risk-population’ clinic. Patients provided first-pass urine, self-collected vaginal swabs or both to test for NG and CT by polymerase chain reaction using BD ProbeTec™. Patients also completed an acceptability questionnaire, including the negative partner of an HIV-positive participant. Three hundred and sixty-three PLHIV had an STI screen. Asymptomatic STIs were only diagnosed in women (prevalence 5.7%), overall prevalence 3.9% ( n = 14). Factors independently associated with an STI in women were being under 25 years (OR 9.63 95% CI 1.56–59.5) and having more than one sexual partner (OR 8.06 95% CI 1.07–60.6). Four hundred and seven completed the acceptability questionnaire. More than 95% of patients found self-sampling easy and comfortable and 83.8% would believe the results. Women significantly preferred the option of self-sampling, 56.9% versus 29.3% of men ( p < 0.001). Acceptability of self-sampling was high. Young women with or at risk of HIV are an important target for STI testing regardless of symptoms. There is need for diagnostic tests that are inexpensive, rapid and accurate especially in resource-limited settings.

Objectives Antimicrobial resistance to gonorrhoea is a threat to global health security. There have been concerns expressed that countries with high rates of disease have poor surveillance. The objectives of the study were: to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in patients with HIV or high risk of HIV acquisition; to compare the concordance of disc diffusion and agar dilution as methods for determining antimicrobial resistance to N. gonorrhoeae, and to describe methodological challenges to carrying out AMR testing. Methods The study was conducted at an HIV outpatient service for at-risk populations and an outreach clinic for commercial sex workers in Kampala. Patients were offered a sexually transmitted infection screen using a PCR-based assay. Samples positive for gonorrhoea were cultured. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion and isolates were sent to a reference laboratory for agar dilution direct susceptibility testing. Results Five hundred and seventy five patients were screened. There were 33 (5.7%) patients with gonorrhoea by PCR. Of the 16 viable N. gonorrhoeae isolates, 100% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline by disk diffusion; and 31% exhibited reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone and cefixime. By agar dilution, 100% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and all isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefixime. Conclusions One hundred percent resistance to ciprofloxacin was identified. There was concordance between disk diffusion and agar dilution for ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resistance and a significant discordance for third generation cephalosporins. More than half the women with gonorrhoea were asymptomatic, and represent a potential reservoir for ongoing transmission. Antimicrobial resistance testing of N.gonorrhoeae isolates is needed to ensure optimal treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance progression.

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