Generations of scholars have grappled with the origins of 'palace' society on Minoan Crete, seeking to explain when and how life on the island altered monumentally. Emily Anderson turns light on the moment just before the palaces, recognizing it as a remarkably vibrant phase of socio-cultural innovation. Exploring the role of craftspersons, travelers and powerful objects, she argues that social change resulted from creative work that forged connections at new scales and in novel ways. This study focuses on an extraordinary corpus of sealstones which have been excavated across Crete. Fashioned of imported ivory and engraved with images of dashing lions, these distinctive objects linked the identities of their distant owners. Anderson argues that it was the repeated but pioneering actions of such diverse figures, people and objects alike, that dramatically changed the shape of social life in the Aegean at the turn of the second millennium BCE.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to identify, using a case study, whether consumers in a metropolitan area can be meaningfully segmented geographically such that it can understand the way they perceive and interact with the downtown district and to delineate the implications of the findings for business improvement area marketing initiatives from a management perspective. Design/methodology/approach-A total of 650 visitors to downtown Toronto are interviewed using a pretested questionnaire. Their responses are related to their location within the metropolitan area. Correspondence analysis (CA) is applied to the data to visually identify possible market segments. Findings-The analysis identified four distinct place-based visitor segments. Each of these segments exhibited behaviour patterns that are distinct and intrinsically meaningful. The analysis further shows that perceptions and current interactions with the district are likely to change depending on where in the metropolis its consumers live. Practical implications-Since visitor perceptions are place dependent, it is difficult to implement a single place marketing campaign that is relevant to each segment. The results suggest that it needs to develop communication strategies that are specific to each segment, incorporating an understanding of why they visit downtown, what they think of the area, what media they consume, how they get around and what their needs are in terms of lifestage. Originality/value-By going beyond the traditional analysis of geographic variables and incorporating consumer response variables in the analysis, this paper provides a stronger basis for market segmentation and management action with regard to place marketing. The application of CA provides a visual way to understand the segments.

formation to progressively deepening MFCI explosions as groundwater depleted and a "cone of 65 depression" formed in the water table (Lorenz, 1986). In a current conceptual model (Fig. 1;Valentine and White, 2012), explosions may occur at any depth where groundwater is below the 67 critical pressure of water (Pcrit = 22.5 MPa). As explosions progressively disrupt the shallow 68 subsurface, broken-up material slumps into the diatreme/conduit, further widening the structure and producing a roughly conical diatreme that may extend to depths of 2 -2.5 km, although shallower is more common (Valentine and White, 2012). Valentine et al. (2014) estimated explosion energies in typical phreatomagmatic eruptions based on theoretical, field, and limited experimental data, and combined this information with

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