This study focused on adolescents' negative reactions to parental monitoring to determine whether parents should avoid excessive monitoring because adolescents find monitoring behaviors to be over-controlling and privacy invasive. Adolescents (n = 242,Mage = 15.4 years; 51% female) reported monitoring, negative reactions, warmth, antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and disclosure. Adolescents additionally reported antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and disclosure one to two years later. In cross-sectional analyses, less monitoring but more negative reactions were linked with less disclosure, suggesting that negative reactions can undermine parents' ability to obtain information. Although monitoring behaviors were not related to depressive symptoms, more negative reactions were linked with more depressive symptoms, suggesting that negative reactions also may increase depressive symptoms as a side effect of monitoring behavior. Negative reactions were not linked to antisocial behavior. There were no longitudinal links between negative reactions and changes in disclosure, antisocial behavior, or depressive symptoms.

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Both reasoned and reactive decision-making processes contribute to risk-taking behavior. This study tested whether elements of the reasoned and reactive processes are completely separate, partially interconnected, or fully interconnected and whether reasoned and reactive processes predict both between-person and within-person differences in risk-taking behavior. Participants were 580 university students (M age = 20.45, range 18-52 years) who completed surveys assessing decision-making processes and risk-taking behavior. The reasoned and reactive decision-making processes appear to overlap and intersect; distal elements from both decision-making processes exhibit indirect effects on risk-taking behavior through elements from their own, as well as the other, process. However, reasoned and reactive processes both helped explain why some individuals engage in more risk-taking behavior than other individuals and why each individual is more likely to engage in some forms of risk-taking more than others.