Background: Human values, such as prestige, social justice, and financial success, influence software production decision-making processes. While their subjectivity makes some values difficult to measure, their impact on software motivates our research. Aim: To contribute to the scientific understanding and the empirical investigation of human values in Software Engineering (SE). Approach: Drawing from social psychology, we consider values as mental representations to be investigated on three levels: at a system (L1), personal (L2), and instantiation level (L3). Method: We design and develop a selection of tools for the investigation of values at each level, and focus on the design, development, and use of the Values Q-Sort. Results: From our study with 12 software practitioners, it is possible to extract three values 'prototypes' indicative of an emergent typology of values considerations in SE. Conclusions: The Values Q-Sort generates quantitative values prototypes indicating values relations (L1) as well as rich personal narratives (L2) that reflect specific software practices (L3). It thus offers a systematic, empirical approach to capturing values in SE.

This paper makes the case for the study of human values in Software Engineering (SE) as a highly important emerging area of research with significant societal implications. We offer two key principles in order to advance this research agenda: firstly, the significance of values as distinguished from, though connected to, ethics; and secondly, the need for clear theoretical frameworks for values study. We provide the emerging findings from an initial study (N=12 participants) using a Values Q-Sort tool that was designed in accordance with these two principles. We conclude with discussion around lessons learnt, ongoing challenges, and future directions. CCS CONCEPTS• Social and professional topics → Computing profession; • Software and its engineering;KEYWORDS human values, mixed methods, qualitative study, software industry ACM Reference Format:

This paper reports on the development of ongoing research into the systematic study of human values in software engineering (SE). Firstly, we outline the rationale for this work, highlighting the significance of human values in SE and the need for both a more structured approach to their study and tools to support their articulation in the SE domain. We then explain our theoretical framework, which draws on social psychology research on values. Secondly, we introduce tools designed in line with this framework and the context of their use so far. Our tools adopt a variety of research methods, including structured mixed-method techniques, such as the 'Values Q-Sort' (V-QS), and more open design-based methods, such as the 'Values Probes'. Given the multi-faceted nature of the topic, we argue that a combination of qualitative, quantitative and design thinking techniques is a necessary step for the study of human values in SE; and that these methods should be both a) robust and replicable, and b) creative and provocative. Finally, we highlight the potential applications of our tools in SE industry and education.

Rehabilitation after critical illness requires a multidisciplinary effort. Nutrition support of critically ill patients aims to correct the imbalance between protein synthesis and protein degradation to maximize strengthening and muscle mass, whereas physical and occupational therapists focus on optimizing strength and mobility through functional activity to help intensive care (ICU) patients return to their precritical illness level of function and improve quality of life. Early mobility has become the new standard of care for ICU patients. Therapists utilize various devices and technologies to increase the feasibility of early mobility and enhance the rehabilitation process to ensure that patients reach their rehabilitation goals. Tools such as electrical stimulation, cycle ergometers, dynamic tilt tables, and resistive bands aid in strengthening. Therapists use safe patient-handling equipment and ambulation aids to address gait impairments. Adaptive toileting, dressing, bathing, and feeding tools facilitate greater independence with activities of daily living. Augmentative and alternative communication devices promote well-being and communication of basic needs. Splints prevent joint contracture and maintain functional range of motion. Overall, many rehabilitation devices are safe and feasible for use in an ICU setting and serve to maximize strength and functional independence. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the benefits and limitations of available rehabilitation devices in the context of critical illness rehabilitation goals.