Objectives To evaluate the long-term treatment outcomes in intraocular retinoblastoma (RB) including the associated factors for eventual treatment with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and enucleation as well as to analyse the risk factors for metastasis and death in extraocular RB. Methods Retrospective analysis of 390 eyes from 256 (89.8%) intraocular RB and 29 (10.2%) extraocular RB cases diagnosed and treated between October 1998 and May 2018 at one of the largest tertiary care centers in Turkey. Results Of 351 intraocular RB eyes, 53.3% had group D/E disease at presentation. 75 (21.4%) of 351 eyes underwent primary enucleation. Of the remaining 276 eyes undergoing eye-conserving treatments, 201 (72.8%) were salvaged. Most of these eyes were treated using intravenous chemotherapy and/or focal treatments [transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) and cryotherapy] initially. EBRT was eventually required in 48 (17.4%) eyes and secondary enucleation in 75 (27.2%) eyes. At mean follow-ups of 76.7 and 39.7 months for intraocular and extraocular RB cohorts, respectively, 180 (46.2%) eyes underwent primary/secondary enucleation and exenteration. Overall, 13 cases developed metastasis and 9 died. Two patients with trilateral RB also expired. Multivariable risk factors for enucleation were the presence of vitreous seeds ( p < 0.001), absence of EBRT administration ( p = 0.033), 5–9 TTT applications compared with no TTT ( p = 0.031), and each 1 mm increase in tumour base diameter ( p < 0.001). Univariate factors predictive of metastasis were the presence of extraocular RB detected by imaging methods ( p < 0.001) and extrascleral/optic nerve cut end involvement at histopathological examination ( p < 0.001). Conclusions In our series, 72.8% of the intraocular RB eyes undergoing eye-conserving treatments were saved. The globe salvage rate for all intraocular and extraocular RB eyes was 53.8% and the overall survival rate was 96.1%.

Purpose: To assess the impact of systemic hypertension on the choroidal structure and choroidal vascularity index (CVI). Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study comprised 50 eyes of 50 treatment-naive hypertensive patients and 50 eyes of 50 healthy subjects. Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured in the subfoveal region, 1500 µm nasal to the fovea, and 1500 µm temporal to the fovea. Binarization of the enhanced depth-optical coherence tomography images was performed with Image-J software. The CT, choroidal area (CA), luminal area (LA), and CVI were compared statistically. Results: The mean subfoveal, nasal, and temporal CT were decreased in the patient group (p 0.003, 0.026, and 0.001, respectively). The mean CA, LA, and CVI were decreased in the patient group in comparison to controls ( p = 0.047, 0.009, and 0.016 respectively). The correlation between the subfoveal CT and systolic blood pressure was significant ( r = −0.450, p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the systolic blood pressure and CVI ( r = −0.401, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The significant decrease in the structural parameters and CVI show that choroid is affected in patients with treatment-naive hypertension.

Purpose To explore the effect of menstrual cycle on choroidal vascularity index (CVI). Methods Thirty six eyes of 36 healthy women were included in this prospective study. The menstrual cycles were regular and ranged from 28 to 30 days in length. Optical coherence tomography images were obtained in 3 different phases of the menstrual cycle. The choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and CVI were quantified. Results Mean subfoveal, nasal and temporal CT were significantly changed in mid-luteal phase in comparison to early follicular (p = 0.018, p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.037, p = 0.037, and p = 0.035, respectively). Mean CVI showed a significant change in mid-luteal phase when compared with early follicular (p = 0.001) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.036). Conclusion CVI seemed to be affected in mid-luteal phase of menstrual cycle. This should be considered while analyzing choroidal structure in otherwise healthy women.

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