Understanding water user behavior and its potential outcomes is important for the development of suitable water resource management options. Computational models are commonly used to assist water resource management decision making; however, while natural processes are increasingly well modeled, the inclusion of human behavior has lagged behind. Improved representation of irrigation water user behavior within models can provide more accurate and relevant information for irrigation management in the agricultural sector. This paper outlines a model that conceptualizes and proceduralizes observed farmer irrigation practices, highlighting impacts and interactions between the environment and behavior. It is developed using a bottom‐up approach, informed through field experience and farmer interaction in the state of Uttar Pradesh, northern India. Observed processes and dynamics were translated into parsimonious algorithms, which represent field conditions and provide a tool for policy analysis and water management. The modeling framework is applied to four districts in Uttar Pradesh and used to evaluate the potential impact of changes in climate and irrigation behavior on water resources and farmer livelihood. Results suggest changes in water user behavior could have a greater impact on water resources, crop yields, and farmer income than changes in future climate. In addition, increased abstraction may be sustainable but its viability varies across the study region. By simulating the feedbacks and interactions between the behavior of water users, irrigation officials and agricultural practices, this work highlights the importance of directly including water user behavior in policy making and operational tools to achieve water and livelihood security.

With increases in average temperature and rainfall predicted, more households are expected to be at risk of flooding in the UK by 2050. Data and technologies are increasingly playing a critical role across public-, private- and third-sector organisations. However, barriers and constraints exist across organisations and industries that limit the sharing of data. We examine the international context for data sharing and variations between data-rich and data-sparse countries. We find that local politics and organisational structures influence data sharing. We focus on the case study of the UK, and on geospatial and flood resilience data in particular. We use a series of semi-structured interviews to evaluate data sharing limitations, with particular reference to geospatial and flood resilience data. We identify barriers and constraints when sharing data between organisations. We find technological, security, privacy, cultural and commercial barriers across different use cases and data points. Finally, we provide three long-term recommendations to improve the overall accessibility to flood data and enhance outcomes for organisations and communities.

Aims Adequate postoperative nutrition reduces complications and may modulate the metabolic stress response to surgery. In particular, protein intake may reduce loss of muscle mass and function thereby enhancing recovery to a normal functional level. This study aimed to assess the adequacy of nutritional intake in patients following an ERAS protocol after open colorectal resection. Methods Dietary intake on postoperative day (POD) 1 to 4 was recorded. Energy (Kcal) and protein (g) intake was calculated using information from the hospital's food supplier. Values were compared to the European Society of Clinical Nutrition (ESPEN) guidelines for perioperative patients (25Kcal/kg and 1.5g/kg of protein per day, based on ideal body weights). Results Eleven patients were recruited. Mean daily energy intake was 490.0Kcal (± 470.7), 505Kcal (± 251.8), 541.0Kcal (± 488.1) and 610.5Kcal (± 900.5) on POD 1–4 respectively. Mean daily protein intake was 13.9g (± 14.1), 14.9g (± 10.2), 15.0g (± 15.6) and 18.5g (± 25.6) on POD 1–4 respectively. Excluding patients who developed ileus (n=4), total energy and protein intakes over POD1–4 were 42.6% (± 19.7) and 21.1% (± 11.4) of the ESPEN recommended daily amount respectively. In patients with ileus these values reduced to 12.8% (± 2.6) and 5.7% (± 0.9). Two thirds of meal choices were soup, jelly or ice cream. Conclusions Early postoperative nutrition after open colorectal resection in inadequate. Further strategies are required to counteract this. Examples may include protein fortification of popular postoperative meal choices and prehabilitation to improve patient's nutritional reserves.

No abstract