Nigerian standard for drinking water quality 2007 emphasized that all water service providers including State Water Agencies and Community Water Committees shall develop a water safety plan. This ensures the minimization of contamination of water supply from source, reduction or removal of contamination through treatment processes and prevention of contamination during storage, distribution and handling of drinking water. The aim of this study is to explain the meaning of water safety plan and highlight its importance including the ways it can be employed to achieve enhanced piped distribution of drinking water of good quality. The assessment of its level of development in Nigeria, the extent it can be employed to improve the present low health status of Nigerian urban populace, as well as its implication to general urban development in the country were discussed. It is concluded that an articulate and urgent water safety plan are necessary for the sustainability of urban water supply.

The aim of the study was to assess the contributions of rainwater to water supply of Enugu metropolitan area. To achieve this aim 42 years rainfall data (1971-2012) were collected from Enugu airport as well as the catchment area of house roofs in the town from the Ministries of Urban Development and Housing. Meteorological data (Rainfall) obtained were tested for normality, while ANOVA technique tested rainfall variance among four decades (70's, 80's, 90's and 20's) of the study. Trend and Regression analyses were utilized for the long range data. Finally, augmented Dickey-Fuller test (stationarity test) revealed whether the independent variable explained the dependent. Result shows that rainfall data were normally distributed and not significantly different in the four decades studied. The trend shows a general increase in rainfall amount over 42 years while the regression model indicated that for every one year, rainfall amount increases by 1.19 mm with a base constant of 113.2 mm. The amount of water realized from rainfall in the city for 2015, 2016 and 2017 based on catchment area of 102,500,000 m 2 is 37,578,000, 37,742,000 and 37,967,000,315 litres per annum, representing about 3% of total water supply in the town equivalent to commercial water demand. Recommendations include revision of the existing water policy to include mandating residents and shop owners to install catchment gutters to collect rain water from their roofs, promotion of a programme of rainwater harvesting against certain barriers with respect to socio-cultural beliefs and attitudes etc.

The aim of the paper was to study the spatial effects of gas flaring on rainwater quality in Bayelsa State, Eastern Niger-Delta, Nigeria. The physicochemical variables were isolated from the analysis of rainwater samples from eight locations in the State, while mean monthly rainfall data for 2011 of the selected areas was collected from the Port Harcourt International Airport which has a distance of 15 km to the farthest location and 6 km to the nearest location. The analysis of physicochemical elements was variously done using the relevant methods. The result shows that all the eight physicochemical elements have values above the World health Organisation (WHO) 2004 maximum allowable concentration level, but in varying degrees with NO 3 -achieving the highest. Pearson's product moment correlation was employed to establish relationship between the eight variables and the quantity of gas flaring in the area, then principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to collapse the eight variables into significant and orthogonal components. After these two analyses, the principal component regression (PCR) analysis was used to calculate the relative contributions of the physicochemical variables with NO 3 contributing the highest of 38.44% to poor quality of rain water in the area, while temperature contributed the least of 0.19%. After the PCR calculation of the entire State, it was further performed in individual locations. Result showed that all local government areas in South-West zone of the State have high rate of nitric acid accumulation in rainwater sample with those in the central zone having average rate of accumulation, while those in north-western zone exhibiting a low rate. Conclusions were drawn from the result while the major recommendation was on the need to develop a home grown gas flaring policy option that will address the problem.

The aim of this paper is to assess the importance of Water Demand Management (WDM) strategy to the improvement of water supply and sanitation in Nigeria. Persistent water supply shortages and poor sanitation have since remained important features of the Nigerian urban and rural communities. Most often governmental solution to these problems has been to develop and exploit the available water resources and the level of sanitation for the people. This predominant approach which is also known as augmentation method is supply driven with the primary purpose being how best to meet the perceived water and sanitation demand. One of the major disadvantages of this approach is the huge financial involvement associated with it. Conversely, quite recently water resource managers have begun to direct attention on how consumers can be motivated to regulate the amount and manner in which they use and dispose water to alleviate pressure on freshwater supplies. This new approach is known as water demand management. It is demand driven in that consumers determine their own water need. Employment of WDM by consumers especially in water scarce areas as was discussed in the paper will decrease the amount of water use, thereby limiting unnecessary financial expenditure in exploiting new sources to meet the ever increasing demand.

The paper assessed the effect of variability of climatic elements on Agulu lake, Anambra State, Nigeria. Data for the work were acquired from Landsat website (landsat.org) for 35 years. Monthly records of the elements were collected from the synoptic meteorological station at Amawbia in Awka urban area. The penman model was used in the estimation of open water vapour from the lake. The analysis was performed using the output of the classified satellite imagery which was digitized for the entire year and the area of the lake was calculated for all the years of study. Statistical analysis of satellite imagery was further employed to analyse trends and relationships. Result shows that the trend is positive and significant at 95% confidence level. Fluctuations in the value of temperature and other variables were removed by 5-year moving average. The Agulu lake surface area was found to have contracted from 0.6177 km 2 in 1978 to 0.3583 km 2 in 2013. Recommendations on how to ameliorate the problem were made.