No abstract

Surtseyan eruptions are an important class of mostly basaltic volcanic eruptions first identified in the 1960s, where erupting magma at an air–water interface interacts with large quantities of slurry, a mixture of previously ejected tephra that re-enters the crater together with water. During a Surtseyan eruption, hot magma bombs are ejected that initially contain pockets of slurry. Despite the formation of steam and anticipated subsequent high pressures inside these bombs, many survive to land without exploding. We seek to explain this by building and solving a simplified spherical mathematical model that describes the coupled evolution of pressure and temperature due to the flashing of liquid to vapour within a Surtseyan bomb while it is in flight. Analysis of the model provides a criterion for fragmentation of the bomb due to steam pressure build-up, and predicts that if diffusive steam flow through the porous bomb is sufficiently rapid the bomb will survive the flight intact. This criterion explicitly relates fragmentation to bomb properties, and describes how a Surtseyan bomb can survive in flight despite containing flashing liquid water, contributing to an ongoing discussion in volcanology about the origins of the inclusions found inside bombs.

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<p>A Surtseyan volcanic eruption involves a bulk interaction between water and hot magma, mediated by the return of ejected ash. Surtsey Island, off the coast of Iceland, was born during such an eruption process in the 1940s. Mount Ruapehu in New Zealand also undergoes Surtseyan eruptions, due to its crater lake. </p><p>One feature of such eruptions is ejected lava bombs, trailing steam, with evidence that watery slurry was trapped inside them during the ejection process. Simple calculations indicate that the pressures developed due to boiling inside such a bomb should shatter it. Yet intact bombs are routinely discovered in debris piles. In an attempt to crack this problem, and provide a criterion for fragmentation of Surtseyan bombs, a transient mathematical model of the flashing of water to steam inside one of these hot erupted lava balls is developed, with a particular focus on the maximum pressure attained, and how it depends on magma and fluid properties. Numerical and asymptotic solutions provide some answers for volcanologists.</p>