The insider threat has consistently been identified as a key threat to organizations and governments. Understanding the nature of insider threats and the related threat landscape can help in forming mitigation strategies, including non-technical means. In this paper, we survey and highlight challenges associated with the identification and detection of insider threats in both public and private sector organizations, especially those part of a nation’s critical infrastructure. We explore the utility of the cyber kill chain to understand insider threats, as well as understanding the underpinning human behavior and psychological factors. The existing defense techniques are discussed and critically analyzed, and improvements are suggested, in line with the current state-of-the-art cyber security requirements. Finally, open problems related to the insider threat are identified and future research directions are discussed.

This is the second of two articles examining the leisure role of public libraries. The first article examined the leisure role of public libraries in the UK from a historical perspective. This examines the value of the public library service in providing leisure opportunities from a user point of view. The results demonstrate that public libraries have a significant impact on people’s leisure time. Benefits include providing relaxation, improving health and well-being, opening up choices and opportunities despite financial constraints, alleviating boredom and allowing people to socialize. Public libraries are, therefore, providing a worthwhile and necessary function through their leisure role.

Leisure has been contested as a valid role of public libraries in the UK since their introduction in 1850 yet it has been a major reason for the public’s use of libraries. Where the educational role and information provision function of libraries have been seen as purposeful and worthwhile, the leisure role has been generally valued less with the library profession. This article is the first of two that explore the leisure role of public libraries in the UK and provides a historical overview of leisure reform, public library acts, the great fiction debate, the popularization of libraries, the educational and information role and the recognition of the leisure function.

Score of 76 undergraduate women on the Multidimensional Self-esteem Inventory and the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory were compared to investigate the convergent validity of the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory. Of the 44 correlations between the two scales 25 were significant.

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