Background: Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) are less physically active, spend more time sedentary and have lower cardiorespiratory endurance as compared to typically developed individuals. RaceRunning enables highintensity exercise in individuals with CP with limited or no walking ability, using a three-wheeled running bike with a saddle and a chest plate for support, but no pedals. Training adaptations using this type of exercise are unknown. Methods: Fifteen adolescents/young adults (mean age 16, range 9-29, 7 females/8 males) with CP completed 12 weeks, two sessions/week, of RaceRunning training. Measurements of cardiorespiratory endurance (6-min RaceRunning test (6-MRT), average and maximum heart rate, rate of perceived exertion using the Borg scale (Borg-RPE)), skeletal muscle thickness (ultrasound) of the thigh (vastus lateralis and intermedius muscles) and lower leg (medial gastrocnemius muscle) and passive range of motion (pROM) of hip, knee and ankle were collected before and after the training period. Results: Cardiorespiratory endurance increased on average 34% (6-MRT distance; pre 576 ± 320 m vs. post 723 ± 368 m, p < 0.001). Average and maximum heart rate and Borg-RPE during the 6-MRT did not differ pre vs. post training. Thickness of the medial gastrocnemius muscle increased 9% in response to training (p < 0.05) on the more-affected side. Passive hip flexion increased (p < 0.05) on the less-affected side and ankle dorsiflexion decreased (p < 0.05) on the more affected side after 12 weeks of RaceRunning training. Conclusions: These results support the efficacy of RaceRunning as a powerful and effective training modality in individuals with CP, promoting both cardiorespiratory and peripheral adaptations.

A representative group of young adults with cerebral palsy were studied in order to learn more about social issues, such as living arrangements, employment and relationship status. It was found that, while some young adults were well-established in occupations and relationships, many remained highly dependent on their parental families and their social situation was reduced compared with their peers. Furthermore, lowfunctioning communication level and intellectual disability were the 2 most important risk factors for having a sub-optimal social situation. This suggests that priority should be given to interventions aimed at alleviating the impact of these particular risk factors. Objectives: To describe social outcomes for young adults with cerebral palsy, and to explore associations of social outcomes with their classification levels within the Gross Motor Function, Manual Ability and Communication Function Classification Systems, and with the presence of intellectual disability. Design: A cross-sectional study with a populationbased inclusion approach at a neuropaediatric referral centre in Sweden. Subjects: Sixty-one young adults with cerebral palsy, age 20-22 years. Methods: Physical examination and questionnaires on social outcomes including living arrangements, relationships, occupation, personal finances, extent of family support with personal care. Results: Twenty percent of the young adults with cerebral palsy had moved out of the parental home. Forty-three percent were dependent on family support for basic activities of daily living. Seventy-nine percent of those without intellectual disability were employed or studying. The Communication Function Classification Systems, and presence of intellectual disability, demonstrated associations with most social outcomes, followed in significance by Manual Ability Classification System. Conclusion: In this study young adults with cerebral palsy to a high extent lived in the parental home, and more often without employment, compared with their peers. Many were dependent on parental support, financially, and with activities of daily living. Intellectual disability and communication function were important determinants of social participation. Interventions aimed at alleviating the impact of these particular disabilities should be prioritized.

Purpose: To determine the physiological response and association to peak oxygen uptake of the 6-minute Frame Running test (6-MFRT) in persons with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Twenty-four participants with CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System II/III/IV, performed the 6-MFRT. Distance, peak heart rate (HRpeak), peak respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), and peak oxygen uptake (trueV˙O2peak) were measured. Results: HRpeak ranged from 146 to 201 beats per minute, RERpeak from 0.94 to 1.49, 6-MFRT distance from 179 to 1220 m and trueV˙O2peak from 0.62 to 2.18 L/min. HRpeak was achieved in 63%, RERpeak in 71%. A strong correlation was observed between 6-MFRT and trueV˙O2peak. Conclusions: The 6-MFRT represented a (near) maximum effort for 75% of the participants and the 6-MFRT can be used to estimate oxygen consumption on an individual basis.