Introduction: The predictD study is a pioneering international study whose main objective was to develop a risk index for the onset of major depression in general practice attendees. Objective: The aim of this exploratory study was to determine the opinion of primary care attendees and their general practitioners about how to implement primary prevention of major depression. The intervention consisted of informing primary care attendees about their risk level and risk profile for the onset of major depression. Methods: The study participants were primary care attendees and general practitioners in urban health centres of 7 Spanish provinces. The methodology used was qualitative: there were 14 in-depth interviews (two from each province), 7 DAFO groups and 7 focus groups. Results: The results showed that attendees generally welcomed this precautionary measure. Some even proposed potential changes in their lifestyles to prevent depression, such as improving social relationships, taking things more calmly or doing more leisure activities, while others asked their GP for advice. The GPs were more resistant about informing primary care attendees, raising doubts about the validity-reliability of the instrument, their lack of education about what they should or should not advise their attendees, the danger of creating excessive fear in their attendees, or the barrier of lack of time in the office to do these activities. Conclusions: Primary care attendees welcome this preventive measure more than their general practitioners.

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This study aimed to analyse the role of governmental responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, measured by the Containment and Health Index (CHI), on symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancy and postpartum, while considering the countries’ Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) and individual factors such as age, gravidity, and exposure to COVID-19. A cross-sectional study using baseline data from the Riseup-PPD-COVID-19 observational prospective international study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04595123) was carried out between June and October 2020 in 12 countries (Albania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom). Participants were 7645 pregnant women or mothers in the postpartum period—with an infant aged up to 6 months—who completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) or the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) during pregnancy or the postpartum period. The overall prevalence of clinically significant depression symptoms (EPDS ≥ 13) was 30%, ranging from 20,5% in Cyprus to 44,3% in Brazil. The prevalence of clinically significant anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 ≥ 10) was 23,6% (ranging from 14,2% in Israel and Turkey to 39,5% in Brazil). Higher symptoms of anxiety or depression were observed in multigravida exposed to COVID-19 or living in countries with a higher number of deaths due to COVID-19. Furthermore, multigravida from countries with lower IHDI or CHI had higher symptoms of anxiety and depression. Perinatal mental health is context-dependent, with women from more disadvantaged countries at higher risk for poor mental health. Implementing more restrictive measures seems to be a protective factor for mental health, at least in the initial phase of the COVID-19.

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BackgroundDepression has a high prevalence among European countries. Several instruments have been designed to assess its symptoms in different populations. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25 (HSCL-25) scale has been identified as valid, reproducible, effective, and easy to use. There are short versions of this scale that could be useful in Primary Care (PC) settings, but their psychometric properties are unknown.AimTo assess in PC patients the psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of the Spanish version of the HSCL-10 and the HSCL-5 consisting of 10 and 5 items, respectively.MethodsA multicenter, cross-sectional study was carried out at six PC centers in Spain. The HSCL-25 was administered to outpatients aged 45–75 who also participated in the structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). HSCL-10 and HSCL-5 were assessed and compared to HSCL-25 regarding total score correlation, internal consistency, and criterion validity against the gold-standard CIDI. This is a methodological study from a secondary data analysis and the primary data has been previously published.ResultsOut of 790 patients, 767 completed the HSCL-25 and 736 the CIDI interview (96.0%). Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.84 for HSCL-10 and 0.77 for HSCL-5. The known-group method and confirmatory factor analysis were acceptable for the establishment of construct validity. Sensitivity was 79.7% (CI95%, 67.7–88.0%) for HSCL-10, and 78.0% (CI95%, 65.9–86.6%) for HSCL-5, whereas specificity was 83% (CI95%, 80.0–85.7%) for HSCL-10, and 72.8% (CI95%, 69.3–76.0%) for HSCL-5. Area under the curve against CIDI was 0.88 (CI95%, 0.84–0.92%) for HSCL-10, and 0.85 (CI95%, 0.81–0.89%) for HSCL-5. Optimum cutoff point calculated with Youden Index was 1.90 for the HSCL-10 and 1.80 for the HSCL-5.ConclusionHSCL-10 and HSCL-5 are reliable and valid tools to detect depression symptoms and can be used in PC settings.