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To what extent can social structure result from evolutionary processes as popposed to being deliberately organised? To begin to answer this questions five different but releated social simulations are reviewed, and a map of which mechanisms might results in what structures under what conditions being started. These show that different structures can be brought about by evolutionary processes based on the abilities and propensities of the individuals. The article ends with some challenges-to construct a credible simulations of more sophisticated structures: social group selection and self-organised value chains. MotivationTo what extent can social structure result from evolutionary processes, as opposed to deliberately organised by a collection of intelligent individuals? That is, could social organisations (which are usefully identifiable as an entity in their own right) result

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Abstract. Both learning and reasoning are important aspects of intelligence. However they are rarely integrated within a single agent. Here it is suggested that imprecise learning and crisp reasoning may be coherently combined via the cognitive context. The identification of the current context is done using an imprecise learning mechanism, whilst the contents of a context are crisp models that may be usefully reasoned about. This also helps deal with situations of logical under-and over-determination because the scope of the context can be adjusted to include more or less knowledge into the reasoning process. An example model is exhibited where an agent learns and acts in an artificial stock market.

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