Six protein biomarkers from two strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and one non-O157:H7, nonpathogenic strain of E. coli have been identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS) and top-down proteomics. Proteins were extracted from bacterial cell lysates, ionized by MALDI, and analyzed by MS/MS. Protein biomarker ions were identified from their sequence-specific fragment ions by comparison to a database of in silico fragment ions derived from bacterial protein sequences. Web-based software, developed in-house, was used to rapidly compare the mass-to-charge (m/z) of MS/MS fragment ions to the m/z of in silico fragment ions derived from hundreds of bacterial protein sequences. A peak matching algorithm and a p-value algorithm were used to independently score and rank identifications on the basis of the number of MS/MS-in silico matches. The six proteins identified were the acid stress chaperone-like proteins, HdeA and HdeB; the cold shock protein, CspC; the YbgS (or homeobox protein); the putative stress-response protein YjbJ (or CsbD family protein); and a protein of unknown function, YahO. HdeA, HdeB, YbgS, and YahO proteins were found to be modified post-translationally with removal of an N-terminal signal peptide. Gene sequencing of hdeA, hdeB, cspC, ybgS, yahO, and yjbJ for 11 strains of E. coli O157:H7 and 7 strains of the "near-neighbor" serotype O55:H7 revealed a high degree sequence homology between these two serotypes. Although it was not possible to distinguish O157:H7 from O55:H7 from these six biomarkers, it was possible to distinguish E. coli O157:H7 from a nonpathogenic E. coli by top-down proteomics of the YahO and YbgS. In the case of the YahO protein, a single amino acid residue substitution in its sequence (resulting in a molecular weight difference of only 1 Da) was sufficient to distinguish E. coli O157:H7 from a non-O157:H7, nonpathogenic E. coli by MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS, whereas this would be difficult to distinguish by MALDI-TOF-MS. Finally, a protein biomarker ion at m/z approximately 9060 observed in the MS spectra of non-O157:H7 E. coli strains but absent from MS spectra of E. coli O157:H7 strains was identified by top-down analysis to be the HdeB acid stress chaperone-like protein consistent with previous identifications by gene sequencing and bottom-up proteomics.

Water vapor permeability of cold‐ and warm‐water fish skin gelatins films was evaluated and compared with different types of mammalian gelatins. Alaskan pollock and salmon gelatins were extracted from frozen skins, others were obtained from commercial sources. Water vapor permeability of gelatin films was determined considering differences on percent relative humidity (%RH) at the film underside. Molecular weight distribution, amino acid composition, gel strength, viscoelastic properties, pH, and clarity were also determined for each gelatin. Water vapor permeability of cold‐water fish gelatin films (0.93 gmm/m2hkPa) was significantly lower than warm‐water fish and mammalian gelatin films (1.31 and 1.88 gmm/m2hkPa, respectively) at 25 °C, 0/80 %RH through 0.05‐mm thickness films. This was related to increased hydrophobicity due to reduced amounts of proline and hydroxyproline in cold‐water fish gelatins. As expected, gel strength and gel setting temperatures were lower for cold‐water fish gelatin than either warm‐water fish gelatins or mammalian gelatins. This study demonstrated significant differences in physical, chemical, and rheological properties between mammalian and fish gelatins. Lower water vapor permeability of fish gelatin films can be useful particularly for applications related to reducing water loss from encapsulated drugs and refrigerated or frozen food systems.

The Campylobacter lari group is a phylogenetic clade within the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria and is part of the thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., a division within the genus that includes the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. The C. lari group is currently composed of five species (C. lari, Campylobacter insulaenigrae, Campylobacter volucris, Campylobacter subantarcticus, and Campylobacter peloridis), as well as a group of strains termed the urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (UPTC) and other C. lari-like strains. Here we present the complete genome sequences of 11 C. lari group strains, including the five C. lari group species, four UPTC strains, and a lari-like strain isolated in this study. The genome of C. lari subsp. lari strain RM2100 was described previously. Analysis of the C. lari group genomes indicates that this group is highly related at the genome level. Furthermore, these genomes are strongly syntenic with minor rearrangements occurring only in 4 of the 12 genomes studied. The C. lari group can be bifurcated, based on the flagella and flagellar modification genes. Genomic analysis of the UPTC strains indicated that these organisms are variable but highly similar, closely related to but distinct from C. lari. Additionally, the C. lari group contains multiple genes encoding hemagglutination domain proteins, which are either contingency genes or linked to conserved contingency genes. Many of the features identified in strain RM2100, such as major deficiencies in amino acid biosynthesis and energy metabolism, are conserved across all 12 genomes, suggesting that these common features may play a role in the association of the C. lari group with coastal environments and watersheds.