Despite the critical role played by intermediaries in marketing services and trade, along with various initiatives undertaken to enhance this role, fresh fruits and vegetables traders in Dar es Salaam-Tanzania are still discontented with the intermediaries’ inability to undertake marketing services roles. This paper examined the constraints to intermediaries’ role in provision of market and marketing services for urban fresh fruits and vegetables supply chain and recommended strategies for improving the same. Qualitative approach was adopted and data were drawn from a purposive sample of 48 respondents through in-depth interviews and non-participant observation. Thematic data analysis strategy was adopted in which researchers transcribed data, read and familiarized themselves with data, coded them, searched and reviewed themes, named and finalized the analysis process. It was revealed in this study that, intermediaries’ role in marketing services for urban fruits and vegetables supply chain was confronted by poor coordination and information, inadequate knowledge and awareness, poor market infrastructure and geography and poor transportation services. The authors recommend to the government through ministries in charge of agriculture and trade to take serious measures to improve market and marketing services of fresh fruits and vegetable services through building storage centres, educating intermediaries and farmers on best marketing practices and furnishing farmer and intermediaries with information on international available market opportunities for fresh fruits and vegetables

Currently, employers in Tanzania are seriously concerned about the lack of employable skills among technical education graduates given that they undergo Competency-Based Education and Training which exposes them to right knowledge, skills and attitude. This paper therefore explores factors contributing to lack of employable skills among Technical and Vocational Education graduates in Tanzania and recommend ways of training technical graduates who are more labour market responsive. The paper utilises Historical Dialectical Materialism approach, which suggests looking into the past and present in order to properly understand why contemporary technical education graduates lack employable skills and how to fix the problem. Drawing on secondary data and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders the findings show that lack of job competencies among graduates fundamentally emanates from poor training at primary and secondary levels resulting from incompetent teachers and inadequate facilities. The problem is further fuelled by ineffective curriculum, incompetent lecturers, less emphasis on general knowledge and skills as well as lack of career guidance at higher training levels. Furthermore, these weaknesses have been constantly fertilised by ineffective development as well as unfavourable educational policies and reforms. These factors should be holistically addressed in order to produce more labour market responsive TVET graduates. The paper makes several contributions. Policy wise, the paper contributes insights on how to promote employment through strengthening education system in Tanzania. On pedagogical strategies the paper sheds light on the ways in which instructors and institutions can be supported to equip students with more employable skills.

Despite the crucial role that businesses have played in the adoption of green supply chains, it appears that manufacturing enterprises have not effectively utilized their responsibility to ensure green manufacturing. This study uses Bakhresa Foods Product Limited as a case study to better understand the constraints facing manufacturing firms engaged in green manufacturing and offers suggestions for overcoming them. A qualitative design was adopted and data was gathered via in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), indirect observation, and secondary data analysis based on a purposive sample size of 60 respondents. Using the MAXQDA 10 program, data were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. The study's findings showed that constraints to reducing were associated with a lack of innovation, professionals, an understanding of economics and finance and presence of extensive inventories, and inadequate production planning. Remanufacturing was further constrained by poor technology, unfavorable consumer attitudes, and a weak market strategy. Other constraints with reuse came from poor customer attitudes and awareness, lack of uniform standards for materials and goods, and inadequate government support. Constraints to recycling include a lack of support from senior top management executives, significant upfront expenses, and low-quality recycled goods. Therefore, to improve the situation, we suggest that industries make use of modernized equipment, and clean technology, improve monitoring and evaluation systems, implement the lean production philosophy, and give education about the value of recycling programs.

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The study aimed at assessing local and international factors that affect participation of Tanzanian Small and Medium enterprises in market opportunity brought by African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The study focussed on Tanzania local SMEs engaged in garments and textiles, handicrafts, leather goods, footwear and agro-processing subsectors. The study utilized mixed approach methods and involved a total of 129 respondents. Questionnaire and interview were the main tools for data collection. Information was collected from the owners and marketers of SMEs located in Dar es Salaam, the officials of Ministry of Industry and Trade as well as the Tanzania Ministry of foreign Affairs and East Africa Cooperation. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS software and qualitative data was examined using MAXQDA software. Findings revealed that both local and international related factors were inhibiting Tanzanian SMEs from engaging in the AGOA market. Such factors have been narrated in this paper and recommendations have been given in order to increase engagement of Tanzanian SMEs in the AGOA market.