There is a participative turn in the field of cultural policy. Nevertheless, far from being coherent and generalized, this new focus is bound up with one of the peculiarities of cultural policies: namely, the coexistence of several paradigms that induce distinct versions of participation. Secondly, it faces three major changes that affect the relationship between culture and society. Technological, societal and political trends explain the growing role of participation as a protagonist in today's Western societies, with significant consequences on how cultural behaviour and cultural institutional strategies are reconfigured. In order to clarify the plural dimensions of participation and its results and consequences on cultural life, we propose a model showing the distinct proactive roles of current citizens. This will then allow us to critically examine the arguments and organizational implications for the achievement of political goals as well as their relationship with stakeholders' positions and human behaviour. This discussion will be inspired by the assessment of BeSpectACTive!, a European action research project whose objective is to analyze active citizen participation in the field of performing arts.
International audienceThe redistribution of powers concerning cultural policy corresponds to a specific historical trajectory as well as to political and commercial dynamics. Thirty years since the 1978 Constitution, Spain is a quasi-federal state. Their cultural life and policies have expanded and have been decentralized. The redistribution process is a result of the search of effectiveness confronted with the question of the legitimization of power. Legitimacy is a permanent theme of debate as well as a discursive and strategic instrument between institutional actors, and it sheds light on the apparent inconsistencies of the multi-level governance of cultural policies. To study the different aspects of these relationships, the article principally focuses on three areas. The first is an institutional analysis, which allows us to determine the place of each institutional actor within the network of cultural policies as well as the horizontal and vertical interactions. The second is an analysis of the public financing of culture, which permits us to measure the quantitative impact of cultural policies within the centre–periphery dynamic. The third is an analysis of public policies, which allows a comparative approach to the dynamics of the autonomous community regime. The dialectic between differentiation and standardization, a mark of cultural policies modernity in the context of centre–periphery relationships, is a result of the pressure from the main players on the different Spanish cultural and territorial markets. Examples of " good practices " mimicry as well as of " new " pattern models, like the new Arts Council of Catalonia, are used to expose the non-existence of a formal Spanish model of cultural policy, but shows the process of innovation-reply product strategies, and the dialectic between political autonomy and homogenization processes
Analyser le gouvernement local en France, c'est s'interroger simultanément sur les changements qui l'ont affecté, notamment depuis la décentralisation du début des années 1980, et sur l'évolution des concepts et outils d'analyse qui visent à en comprendre les aspects essentiels. La notion de gouvernement local elle-même a longtemps fait l'objet d'une réticence, à la fois politique et académique en France. D'une part, elle était contradictoire avec une tradition française, d'inspiration jacobine, de méfiance à l'égard des pouvoirs locaux. Jusqu'à la période de décentralisation du début des années 1980, parler de gouvernement était largement excessif compte tenu du pouvoir que l'Etat central exerçait, sur le territoire, en termes de contrôle et d'exécution des affaires publiques. L'autonomie qui était l'une des conditions de l'expression anglaise de local government, était trop limitée pour donner lieu à de vrais gouvernements territoriaux ou à engendrer de véritables politiques locales (Rangeon 1996, Schmidt 1990). Pourtant, dès cette période, l'idée d'un pouvoir central de l'Etat s'exerçant sans partage ni inflexion locale était contredite par les faits et l'observation sociologique (Worms 1966, Cole & John 1997a). Parallèlement à l'expression officielle du centralisme, se pratiquait un système de négociation informelle entre l'Etat et les notables locaux. Ce n'est donc pas un hasard si, à la place du gouvernement local, l'analyse politique française ait davantage raisonné en termes de système politico-administratif local (Grémion 1976). Celui-ci a en effet l'avantage de mettre l'accent, au delà du cadre réglementaire, sur la sociologie des relations entre centre et périphérie, et sur la reproduction, dans le temps et dans l'espace, de systèmes de négociation permanente de la règle, de son application, et des politiques publiques qui affectent le territoire. Au travers de cette analyse, les élus (officiellement faibles) et les bureaucrates (les représentants locaux de
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