The interaction of water with a synthetic saponite clay sample, with a layer charge of 1 per unit cell (0.165 C m(-2)), was investigated by following along water adsorption and desorption in the relative pressure range from 10(-6) to 0.99 (i) the adsorbed amount by gravimetric and near-infrared techniques, (ii) the basal distance and arrangement of water molecules in the interlayer by X-ray and neutron diffraction under controlled water pressure, and (iii) the molecular structure and interaction of adsorbed water molecules by near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy under controlled water pressure. The results thus obtained were confronted with Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GC/MC) simulations. Using such an approach, various well-distinct hydration ranges can be distinguished. In the two first ranges, at low water relative pressure, adsorption occurs on external surfaces only, with no swelling associated. The next range corresponds to the adsorption of water molecules around the interlayer cation without removing it from its position on top of the ditrigonal cavity of the tetrahedral layer and is associated with limited swelling. In the following range, the cation is displaced toward the mid-interlayer region. The interlamellar spacing thus reached, around 12.3 A, corresponds to what is classically referred to as a "one-layer hydrate," whereas no water layer is present in the interlayer region. The next hydration range corresponds to the filling of the interlayer at nearly constant spacing. This leads to the formation of a well-organized network of interlayer water molecules with significant interactions with the clay layer. The structure thus formed leads to a complete extinction of the d001 line in D2O neutron diffraction patterns that are correctly simulated by directly using the molecular configurations derived by GC/MC. The next range (0.50 < P/P0 < 0.80) corresponds to the final swelling of the structure to reach d spacing values of 15.2 A (usually referred to the "two-layer hydrate"). It is associated with the development of a network of liquidlike water molecules more structured than in bulk water. The final hydration range at high relative pressure mainly corresponds to the filling of pores between clay particles.

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