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Clean and safe water is fundamental for human and environmental health. Traditional remediation of textile dye-polluted water with chemical, physical, and biological processes has many disadvantages. Due to this, nano-engineered materials are drawing more attention to this area. However, the widespread use of nano-particles for this purpose may lead to photocatalytic degradation of xenobiotics, while increasing the risk of nano-particle-induced ecotoxicity. Therefore, we comparatively evaluated the toxicity of novel synthesized core@shell TiO and SiO nano-particles to embryonic stages of Danio rerio and Xenopus laevis. The ability of photocatalytic destruction of the synthesized nano-particles was tested using toxic azo dye, disperse red 65, and the effects of reducing the toxicity were evaluated. The reflux process was used to synthesize catalysts in the study. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, BET surface area, and UV-vis-diffuse reflectance spectra. It was determined that the synthesized nano-particles had no significant toxic effect on D. rerio and X. laevis embryos. On the other hand, photocatalytic degradation of the dye significantly reduced lethal effects on embryonic stages of the organisms. Therefore, we suggest that specific nano-particles may be useful for water remediation to prevent human health and environmental impact. However, further risk assessment should be conducted for the ecotoxicological risks of nano-particles spilled in aquatic environments and the relationship of photocatalytic interaction with nano-particles and xenobiotics.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of conventional paracetamol-(PA) and caffeine-(CA) containing combined dosage forms in the Turkish drug market. For this purpose, weight variation, content uniformity, diameter and thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution tests were carried out. Content uniformity and dissolution tests were performed by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Separations were carried on an ACE 5-C 18 , 5-µm LC column (250 × 4.6 mm) using isocratic elution with a methanol/water (40:60 v/v) mobile phase. The injection volume was 20 μL, and UV detection was performed at 270 nm. The weight variation results were in accordance with content uniformity results. All dosage forms fulfilled the USP requirement of not less than 75% of active ingredients of the labeled claim dissolved within 60 min. Also, all tablets met the rapidly dissolving criterion (more than 85% of the labeled amount of the drug substance dissolved within 30 min). The results of this study indicate that PA-and CA-containing conventional dosage forms available in the Turkish drug market pass all the established quality control tests successfully, and they can be used interchangeably.