Ulaştırma sektöründe emisyonların azaltılması, Türkiye’nin 2053 net sıfır emisyon hedefinin en önemli adımlarından biri olacaktır. Bu hedefin en önemli parçası olacak elektrifikasyonun, özellikle karayolu ulaşım modlarında emisyonların azaltılmasında temel stratejiyi oluşturması beklenmektedir. Diğer birçok sektörden farklı olarak ulaştırma sektörü, maliyet minimizasyonunun yanı sıra davranışsal hareketlerden de etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle politika yapıcılar ve tüketiciler arasındaki etkileşim çevre ve enerji ekseninde bir sistem analizini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin 2025-2050 döneminde belirlediği net sıfır emisyon hedefi için ulaştırma sektöründeki enerji tüketiminin önemli bir payını oluşturan karayolu ve demiryolu taşımacılığının mevcut ve uygulanabilir politikalar altında nasıl konumlanabileceğine odaklanmaktadır. Bu amaçla tasarlanan Türkiye için Enerji Sistem Modeli (EST) kullanılarak senaryolar oluşturulmuştur. Net sıfır senaryosunda CO2 standartlarının uygulanması, içten yanmalı motor teknolojilerinde yeni girişlerin yasaklanması, ulaşım tercihlerinin karayolundan demiryoluna kaydırılması gibi politikalar, ulaştırma sektörünün net sıfır emisyon hedefine sağlayacağı katkının önemini ortaya çıkarmaktadır.
Highlights • This study focuses on independent and related two-stage envelopment analysis. • Two-stage data envelopment analysis is applied to examine the performance of state universities. • Universities are examined in terms of graduate education and research competency. • This study agrees with the research universities determined by the Council of Higher Education.
Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of glazing, polishing and polishing with a polishing paste of newly developed highly translucent materials on the flexural strength of these materials and aims to illuminate where there is not much study yet on the finishing procedures to be done.
Methods: Three different high translucency Y-PSZ (Yittria partially stabilized zirconia): KST (Katana STML), KUT (Katana UTML), NCQ (Nacera Pearl Q3 Multi-Shade) and one translucent 3Y-TZP (3-yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline): NCMS (Nacera Pearl Multi-Shade) zirconia system were used. A total of 120 specimens were prepared in the form of discs with a diameter of 14 mm and dimensions of 1.2 ± 0.2
mm. Three experimental groups (n = 30) were formed from each type of material, using three finishing protocols: Diamond Polishing system (DP); Diamond Polishing system followed by Polishing Paste (PP); Glaze Application (GP). Surface Roughness (Ra) was measured by using a contact profilometer, and a biaxial flexural strength test was applied to determine their flexural strength. The obtained data were analyzed using the Weibull distribution. All results were evaluated statistically.
Results: For Ra values, there was a statistical difference between all the procedures applied in the KST material as in the NCQ material. However, there was no statistical difference between GP and PP procedures in Ra values in the NCMS material and between DP and PP procedures in the KUT material. The characteristic strengths of DP applied to NCMS and NCQ material, PP applied to KST, and KUT material had the highest value. The highest m values for DP were determined in KST, NCMS, NCQ materials, while in KUT material, PP was determined in the finishing procedure.
Conclusion: Finishing procedures have significant effects on surface roughness and flexural strength values for translucent zirconia materials. The lowest Ra value and the highest flexural strength were found in the DP group of NCMS. In KST and KUT materials, the highest flexural strength results were found in the PP procedure while NCQ was not affected by finishing procedures.
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