Dijital dünyada gelişen sanal ağ ortamları giderek artış göstermektedir. Sosyal medya araçları gün geçtikçe çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Bu durum çocuklar ve özellikle gençler için tehlikeli hale gelmektedir. Dijital oyunların ergenlerde, hatta yetişkinlerde bağımlılık etkisi giderek artmaktadır. Kolaylıkla erişilebilen programlar ve oyunlar, hiçbir şekilde güvenlik ağına takılmadan sosyal medya programları tarafından sunulmaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışma lisede öğrenim gören öğrencilerin dijital oyun bağımlılığını tespit etmeye yöneliktir. Çalışma kapsamında öğrencilerin dijital oyun bağımlılık düzeylerinin, oyun bağımlılığının cinsiyete göre farklılığının, internet kullanım sıklığının, şiddet içerikli oyunların ergenlere etkisinin, anne ve babanın eğitim seviyesinin nasıl değişim gösterdiğini belirlemek amacıyla çalışmaya yön verilmiştir. Bu nedenle araştırmada ilişkisel tarama yöntemi kullanılmış olup, araştırma evreni ise Uşak ilinde bulunan beş lisede okuyan öğrencilerden oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre dijital oyun bağımlılığının 14-15 yaş aralığındaki kız öğrencilere oranla erkek öğrencilerin daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan anket kapsamında konsol ve akıllı telefon kullanımının dijital oyun bağımlılığı üzerinde etkisi fazla olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

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This study aims to demonstrate the digital leadership roles of Turkish sports journalists on Twitter individually and institutionally. During the Post Covid-19 pandemic process, journalists from institutional newspapers gained more active visibility, particularly on Twitter. Unlike traditional leadership roles, digital leadership is measured more within the context of interconnected relationships with followers and interactions on Twitter. Along with engaging followers on Twitter and attempting to address their interests and needs, sports journalists also compile their institutional and personal opinions and post them on Twitter. For this reason, in the present study, we analyzed the Twitter accounts of five well-known sports journalists actively engaged in Turkey and their institutional newspapers for one month. Then, we compared their followers, interactions, and contents. Accordingly, although online posts of sports journalists were less (n = 922) than the institutions they were employed in, they contrarily received more online interaction (e.g., retweet, mention, like). While 51.82% of Twitter posts shared by sports journalists reflected their own opinions and comments, the remaining 48.18% were typically in the form of mentions and retweets. The interactions of the sports journalists with their followers, at a rate of 28.83% in particular, were a significant rate for satisfying their followers' informational, enquiring, and practical needs. Indeed, such an attempt plays a critical role in the adoption of digital leadership roles by the followers of sports journalists. Contrary to traditional leadership roles, the number of followers and interaction rate were the main factors to signify digital leadership; however, aspects such as institution, age, and economic and social statuses were insignificant in the adoption of sports journalists as digital leaders on Twitter.

The advancements in the field of communication concurrently transpire throughout the evolution of the Internet and its accompanying tools. A free communication opportunity over the internet platform has resulted in the involvement of a sizable people mass in this digital environment. Individuals also pose variations in communication styles since Web 2.0 technology promotes interpersonal connection and communication. Such variations have resulted in modification and deformation in the Two-Stage Flow Theory, which is among the traditional communication models. According to the conventional definition, opinion leaders have the force to potentially influence society with their respective approaches and responses to various events and cases. They have revived alongside the changing media contexts. The transition in these platforms proceeds beyond the change in technology since they facilitate a significant portion of social change. Nowadays, opinion leaders appeal to eventuate social change since they have the potential to convey to a sizable mass of internet users. The vast majority of internet users are influenced by the attitudes and accessions of new opinion leaders while making decisions on their social life, political issues, products, and personal investments. On the one hand, people, groups, companies, and political structures that are aware of the indulgent aspects of the opinion leaders try to persuade them; on the other hand, these entities seek to generate their opinion leaders and forge a follower mass for them. The purpose of the study was to assess the concept of an opinion leader introduced by the Two-Stage Flow Theory and the new context in which it has emerged in light of the elaboration of modern communication technology. The study findings revealed that the Internet and its accompanying tools differed the recent opinion leaders from traditional ones; however, the most critical pillar of this differentiation was digital domains where opinion leaders appeal to large masses composed of different layers.

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