This study aimed to characterize Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in 2 intensive care units in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. P. aeruginosa isolates from patients' and staff hands and environmental samples were typed using antibiotyping and ERIC-PCR. In Egypt, isolates from suction apparatus tubing and drainage containers (A7) and AV tubing (A8) were linked to those from patients who had these antibiotypes. In Saudi Arabia, isolates from suction apparatus tubing (A6) and AV tubing (A7) were linked to patients with the same antibiotypes. In Egypt, patients' isolates had ERIC VII, VIII and IX patterns linked to suction apparatus tubing, AV machine tubes and drainage containers. In Saudi Arabia, patients' isolates had ERIC VIII and XI patterns linked to suction apparatus tubing and AV machines. In Egypt and Saudi Arabia, ERIC typing gave higher discriminatory indices (0.801 and 0.785 respectively) than the antibiotyping (0.7123 and 0.728 respectively). ERIC was superior to antibiotyping and should be used in tracing sources of infection.

Biofilms are multicellular communities where microorganisms are grown and form an extracellular matrix that protects the pathogenic microorganisms from the immunity system and antimicrobial agents. This study is aimed to identify Candida spp. isolated from urine specimens by using traditional techniques, germ tube, growth on corn meal agar medium and chromogenic medium then determine the ability of isolates to producing biofilm by tube method (TM) and congo red agar method (CRA). In our study urine specimens were obtained from 174 diabetic females in the period of six months at the Al-Wafa Specialized Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mosul city, Iraq. Out of the total 174 specimens, yeast species were isolated from 56 (32.2 %) specimens. Out of the 56 isolates, 50 isolates were positive for Candida spp., especially C. glabrata which appeared maximum in 30 isolates (60 %) and followed by C. albicans 18 isolates (36%) and C. krusei 2 isolates (4 %). In the TM method for biofilm detection, C. albicans showed 16 isolates (88.9%) positive for biofilm formation followed by 29 isolates (96.7%) of C. glabrata. Furthermore, in the CRA method, all isolates (100%) of C. albicans were negative followed by 27 isolates (90%) of C. glabrata, whereas only 3 isolates (10%) of C. glabrata were positive. We can conclude that TM is the best conventional method and is sensitive to detect biofilm-forming yeast when compared with the CRA method.

The infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a continuing serious problem facing poultry industry in Egypt. In this study, 500 bursae samples were collected from different broiler flocks in different localities of Luxor Governorate. The flocks were suffering from mortality and bursal lesions during Dec.2014 to Jan. 2016. The samples were tested by AGPT and the result was 12 flocks only were positive for IBD and then the positive samples were isolated in SPF embryonated chicken eggs. All the inoculated embryos died within 2-3 days. The embryos were smaller than normal, congested with haemorrhagic head, and necrotic foci of liver. Then the presence of virus in embryonated eggs was confirmed by convential PCR. Furthermore, molecular characterization was performed by direct sequencing of a 620-bp cDNA corresponding to the VP2 variable domain of the polyprotein gene synthesized by PCR. With deduced amino acid analysis found that all examined isolates are very virulent strains. four local strains used for nucleotide sequence, percent identity and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that four isolates (F21,F23,F24,F26) were very close to very virulent old Egyptian strains Giza 2008.