Background: Children with intellectual disability (ID) have less balance and flexibility than typically developing peers. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of functional training on static balance, dynamic balance and flexibility of female students with intellectual disability. Material/Methods: The research method was pre-test – post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all female students with ID in elementary school of Shiraz studying under the auspices of the Special Education Organization in 2018–2019. The participants included 30 female students with ID selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The experimental group received functional training for 15 sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The Single leg stance test was used for measuring static balance; the Tandem gait test was used for measuring dynamic balance, and the Sit and Reach test was used for measuring flexibility. The collected data were analyzed using ANCOVA. Results: The results showed that functional training had a significant effect on static and dynamic balance and flexibility of female students with intellectual disability (p<0.05). Conclusions: It is recommended that functional training be given special attention by educators, teachers and child education experts.

Background: The present study was aimed to compare psychological well-being in athlete and non-athlete women. Material and methods:The statistical population of the present study included all athlete and non-athlete women in Shiraz, Iran. The sample consisted of 764 subjects (382 athletes, 382 non-athletes), of which the athlete and non-athlete samples were selected by Gerjesy and Morgan' sample size table and purposeful sampling method, respectively. Also, Ryff's psychological well-being scale (Ryff, 1989) was used for measuring subjects' psychological well-being. Independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests were used for data analysis. Results:The results showed a significant difference between athlete and non-athlete women in terms of their psychological well-being and its subscales (p < .01). Conclusions:According to this finding, it can be concluded that psychological well-being is better in athlete compared to non-athlete women. Therefore, it can be argued that sport activities are effective in improving the psychological well-being of women.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Functional Training (FT) on impulsiveness of female students with Intellectual Disability (ID). The research method was pretestposttest- with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all female students with ID in elementary school of Shiraz studying under the auspices of the Special Education Organization in 2018- 2019. The participants included 30 female students with ID selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental (n=14) and control (n=14) groups. The experimental group received the functional training for 15 sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11) was used for measuring the impulsiveness. The Impulsiveness pre-test was performed for both experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the FT for 15 sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. At the end of the intervention, post-test was performed for both groups. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the mean scores of impulsivities and its subscales (motor impulsiveness, attentional impulsiveness and nonplanning impulsiveness) in the experimental group were significantly reduced. The results showed that FT had a significant effect on impulsiveness of female students with ID (p<0.001). Therefore, it is recommended to design and implement a FT program to improve impulsiveness in people with ID.

The aim of the present study was to compare the loneliness in athlete and non-athlete women. The statistical population of the present study included all athlete and non-athlete women in Shiraz, Iran. The sample consisted of 764 subjects (382 athletes, 382 non-athletes) that the athletes sample selected by Gerjesy and Morgan'sample size table and non-athletes sample selected by purposeful sampling method. Loneliness scale (Dehshiri et al., 2008) was used for measuring the loneliness. Independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests were used for data analysis. The results showed a significant difference between athlete and non-athlete females in the loneliness and its subscales (p<0/05). According to this finding, loneliness in athletes is less than non-athlete women. Regarding the findings of this study, it can be argued that sport activities play a role in reducing the loneliness of women.