This article examines apartheid in South Africa and uses Mills (1992)

Lesson starts are transitional events which may cause management problems for teachers. This study sought junior secondary school mathematics teachers' beliefs about calculator use in mathematics instruction in Botswana and was descriptive in nature adopting a survey design. The sample of seventeen (17) mathematics teachers from four (4) junior secondary schools in the Tutume Sub-district in Central Educational Region was selected through a purposive random sampling procedure. A questionnaire comprising both closed and open ended questions was designed to collect data then the analysis of results was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics. As an illustration, a t-test was used to test for differences in teachers' beliefs by gender while a one-way ANOVA was used to test for difference in their beliefs by experience. The study revealed that most of the teachers expressed their lack of confidence and were incompetent with the use of a calculator in their teaching with female teachers feeling less confident to explain different functions of a calculator than their male counterparts. In addition, the study showed that most of the teachers believed that a calculator was a technological tool that could be useful to the students in the future. On the contrary, most teachers felt that the overuse of calculators by the students could hamper the development of basic computational skills. Therefore, it was recommended that school based training on calculator use should be provided so as to empower teachers with the necessary technological skills for effective classroom instruction. The study findings have implications to research and practice as it provides unique and comprehensive data that will lead to insight for curriculum designers, policy implementers and instructional leaders on effective calculator use in math instruction.

After several months of protests against Ukraine's political restructuring and the subsequent developments, finally, on March 16, 2014, Crimea announced its accession to Russia after holding a referendum. The results of the announced vote indicated that the overwhelming majority of participants in the referendum voted for the annexation of Crimea to Russia. The developments in Ukraine have created a new perspective in the international arena. Relatively intense conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine's issues shows that in the coming years and until the formation of a specific legal system in this area, the international arena will undergo intense tensions, and these developments have triggered a lot of speculation at the international level. In terms of international law, especially after the events in Kosovo, one cannot answer in one word that whether what has happened in the Crimea peninsula is legal or illegal .For example, the advisory opinion of the Court of Justice at The Hague regarding the concept of "right to selfdetermination" is ambiguous and has not been clarified in the international law. The new approach to the crisis which is now happening in Crimea may become a great challenge to the future global security, because using referendum and involvement of a foreign power in the act of selfdetermination of a country and nation may become a legal procedure causing instability in other regions of the world; therefore, the study of the right to self-determination as one of the important principles that is applied in certain circumstances and that can lead to the destabilization of territorial integrity is very important. On the other hand, observing this principle in international law ensures respect for human rights and realization of democracy and the rights of minorities in the countries.