This study evaluates the quality of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer-Global Digital Elevation Model version 2 (ASTER GDEM2) in comparison with the previous version (GDEM1) as well as the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEM and topographic-map-derived DEM (Topo-DEM) using inundation area analysis for the projected location of the Karian dam, Indonesia. In addition, the vertical accuracy of each DEM is evaluated using the Real-Time Kinematic differential Global Positioning Systems (RTK-dGPS) data obtained from an intensive geodetic survey. The results of the inundation area analysis show that GDEM2 produced a higher maximum contour level (MCL) (64 m) than did GDEM1 (55 m), and thus, GDME2 has a better quality. In addition, the GDEM2-derived MCL is similar to those produced by SRTM DEM (69 m) and Topo-DEM (62 m). The improvement in the contour level in GDEM2 is believed to be related to the successful removal of voids (artifacts) and anomalies present in GDEM1. However, our RTK-dGPS results show that the vertical accuracy of GDEM2 is much lower than that of GDEM1 and the other DEMs, which is contradictory to the accuracy stated in the GDEM2 validation document. The vertical profiles of all DEMs show that GDEM2 contains a comparatively large number of undulation effects, thereby OPEN ACCESSRemote Sens.2012, 4 2420 resulting in higher root mean square error (RMSE) values. These undulation effects may have been introduced during the GDEM2 validation process. Although the results of this study may be site-specific, it is important that they be considered for the improvement of the next GDEM version.

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Temporal changes in the land surface temperature (LST) in urbanization areas are important for studying an urban heat island (UHI) and regional climate change. This study examined the LST trends under different land use categories in the Red River Delta, Vietnam, using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST product (MOD11A2) and land cover type product (MCD12Q1) for 11 years (2002-2012). Smoothened time-series MODIS LST data were reconstructed by the Harmonic Analysis of Time Series (HANTS) algorithm. The reconstructed LST (maximum and minimum temperatures) was assessed using the hourly air temperature dataset in two land-based meteorological stations provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Significant correlation was obtained between MODIS LST and the air temperature for the daytime (R (2) = 0.73, root mean square error [RMSE] = 1.66 °C) and night time (R (2) = 0.84, RMSE = 1.79 °C). Statistical analysis also showed that LST trends vary strongly depending on the land cover type. Forest, wetland, and cropland had a slight tendency to decline, whereas cropland and urban had sharper increases. In urbanized areas, these increasing trends are even more obvious. This is undeniable evidence of the negative impact of urbanization on a surface urban heat island (SUHI) and global warming.

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AbstrakMengingat pentingnya pengelolaan limbah padat rumah sakit (RS) pada masa pandemi Covid-19, maka dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengelolaan limbah padat RS rujukan Covid-19 di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat tahun 2021. Jenis penelitian observasional ini bersifat deskriptif dengan  pendekatan cross sectional dan mixed methods kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Dengan  teknik purposive sampling, dari 19 RS rujukan Covid-19 diperoleh sampel 14 RS, yang terdiri dari 4 RS rujukan pertama dan 10 RS rujukan kedua. Objek penelitian ini adalah pengelolaan limbah padat domestik dan khusus serta medis Bahan Berbahaya Beracun (B3) dari pasien Covid-19. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Januari sampai Maret 2021. Ditemukan lebih banyak  permasalahan pengelolaan limbah padat medis B3 pasien Covid-19 di masa pandemi jika dibandingkan dengan pengelolaan limbah padat domestik serta khusus. Pada pengelolaan limbah medis B3 ada 13 kegiatan yang belum sepenuhnya dilaksanakan dengan pelaksanaan 64-100%, sedangkan pada limbah domestik dan khusus hanya 6 kegiatan (76-100%). Kategori pengelolaan limbah padat domestik dan khusus maupun medis B3 berkisar baik sampai cukup dengan perincian pengelolaan limbah padat domestik dan khusus RS rujukan ke-2 Covid-19 semua bernilai baik (100%) sedangkan RS rujukan pertama bernilai 75 % baik dan 25% cukup.  Berbanding terbalik dengan pengelolaan limbah padat medis B3, RS rujukan pertama semua bernilai baik (100%) sedangkan RS rujukan kedua bernilai 70 % baik dan 30% cukup. Beberapa temuan yang masih perlu diperhatikan adalah pelabelan kantong sampah medis B3, desinfeksi limbah dalam kantong  terikat dan TPS domestik maupun B3 medis, keterlambatan pengangkutan oleh pihak ketiga, kepatuhan penggunaan alat pelindung diri pada petugas pengangkut sampah serta pengelolaan limbah medis B3 berbasis wilayah. Kata kunci:  fasyankes, pandemi Covid-19, sanitasi dan higienitas, sampah padat medis