What's already known about this topic?• The prevalence of psoriasis in children is lower than adults • A significant number of adults with psoriasis first developed skin disease in childhood • Genetic and environmental factors both play an important role in the onset of psoriasis • Disease associations, such as obesity, are an important area of current research activity What does this study add?• Mapping has shown a dramatic increase in the number of published studies over the past 25 years • Studies have been concentrated in Europe, Asia and North America; these studies have largely been case series or cross-sectional studies • Specific studies with standardised methodologies are needed to provide data on the frequency, clinical presentation, risk factors, associated diseases and long-term outcomes for child-onset psoriasis The Epidemiology of Childhood Psoriasis: A Scoping Review AbstractPsoriasis is an inflammatory non-communicable skin disease which affects both adults and children. At present the epidemiology and natural history of psoriasis are not widely understood. This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature on the epidemiology of child-onset psoriasis, provide a comprehensive, clinically useful review and identify research gaps for future studies.Search strategies were developed for OVID MEDLINE, OVID Embase, Google Scholar and hand-searching; 131 articles meeting the inclusion criteria and were mapped and 107 articles were included for data extraction.Over 25 years there has been a dramatic increase in the volume of published observational epidemiological studies on child-onset psoriasis. The majority were case series or crosssectional studies, concentrated in Europe, Asia and North America. The prevalence of childhood psoriasis was found to be higher in European countries, older children and females. Up to 48.8% of children had psoriasis in a first degree relative. The most frequent subtype was plaque psoriasis and initial site of presentation is most commonly scalp, limbs and trunk. Specific genetic differences have been found between the child-onset and adultonset populations. Case-control studies and cohort studies investigating risk factors for psoriasis onset, comorbidities and long-term health outcomes were extremely limited.The choice of study design and heterogeneity in methodology limit the validity and generalisability on the information, consistency of the results and comparability of the studies. Well-designed studies are needed to provide precise and consistent information about the frequency and clinical presentation, risk factors, associated diseases and longterm outcomes in child-onset psoriasis.

Exposure to indoor air pollution increases the risk of pneumonia in children, accounting for about a million deaths globally. This study investigates the individual effect of solid fuel, carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon (BC) and particulate matter (PM) 2.5 on pneumonia in children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries. A systematic review was conducted to identify peer-reviewed and grey full-text documents without restrictions to study design, language or year of publication using nine databases (Embase, PubMed, EBSCO/CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, WHO Library Database (WHOLIS), Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)-WHO and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Exposure to solid fuel use showed a significant association to childhood pneumonia. Exposure to CO showed no association to childhood pneumonia. PM 2.5 did not show any association when physically measured, whilst eight studies that used solid fuel as a proxy for PM 2.5 all reported significant associations. This review highlights the need to standardise measurement of exposure and outcome variables when investigating the effect of air pollution on pneumonia in children under 5. Future studies should account for BC, PM 1 and the interaction between indoor and outdoor pollution and its cumulative impact on childhood pneumonia.

Background: Conflict and violent crises have resulted in over 40 million of internally displaced persons (IDPs). Most affected regions lack access to basic health resources and generally rely on humanitarian support. The objective of this review was to appraise primary health service interventions among conflict-induced internally displaced populations in low and middle income countries between 2000 and 2019. Methods: A systematic review of literature in the following databases: Embase, MEDLINE, PsyArticles, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, LILAC and CAB Articles, was performed to identify interventions implemented in conflict IDP settings. Results: Initial searches yielded 4578 papers and 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Descriptivesynthesis analysis was used, and the final selections were assessed using a customized CriticalAppraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. Included papers were from Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Middle East regions. Most studies were on prevention interventions, especially water treatment and maternal health. Treatment interventions mostly focused on onmalaria and mental health. Only one food and nutrition study with outcome data was identified, indicating limitations in IDP health-related intervention publications. Reported interventions were conducted between one week to five years, and the study qualities were moderate. The most effective interventions were integrated programmes and common challenges were weakstudy methodology and data reporting. Conclusion: Regardless of the intervention types and durations, the services offered were beneficial to the IDPs. More intervention evidence are, however required as shown in gaps around food and nutrition, health education and disease surveillance.

the SARS-CoV-2 Immunity and Reinfection Evaluation (SIREN) Study has detected and investigated SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in the United Kingdom; after vaccine rollout, SIREN was adapted to monitor vaccine effectiveness (1-5). As the United Kingdom, like other countries, adapts to the postacute phase of the pandemic and reduced testing availability (6,7), SIREN has an ongoing function in national surveillance. SIREN informs the UK pandemic response by real-time monitoring of emerging variants and determining national rates of primary infection and reinfection. We describe SIREN's surveillance strategy and characterize emergence of Omicron subvariants during successive waves within the study.The Study SIREN is a large, multicenter, prospective cohort study of >44,000 UK healthcare workers from 135 secondary care health organizations. SIREN is led by the UK Health Security Agency in collaboration with Public Health Wales, Public Health Scotland, and the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland (1). Participants were initially followed for 12 months and had an option to extend to 24 months. Participants completed an initial enrollment survey regarding demographic and occupational data, then completed follow-up surveys every other week regarding symptoms, vaccination status, and occupational, household, and community SARS-CoV-2 exposures. Participants underwent PCR testing every 2 weeks and serologic testing monthly for the first