Leaf samples of yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) displaying fruit woodiness symptoms were collected in seven Brazilian states and the Federal District. Viral infection was confirmed by host range and ELISA, and fourteen viral isolates were obtained. All isolates were capable of infecting several leguminous host species, although differences in symptom severity were noticeable. Woodiness symptoms were reproduced in yellow passionfruit, and mosaic symptoms were induced in common bean. All isolates infected cowpea, reported as a non-host of passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV). Indirect ELISA demonstrated that all isolates were serologically related to each other and also to cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). The complete sequence of the capsid protein was determined for all isolates. Comparison of these sequences with those of other potyviruses indicated the highest identity with CABMV isolates (85 to 94%). Identity with PWV isolates ranged from 54 to 70%. Phylogenetic analysis grouped all of the Brazilian isolates in a monophyletic cluster with the CABMV isolates, clearly distinct from the PWV isolates. Furthermore, this analysis demonstrated that a group of previously characterized isolates from Brazil that had been designated as PWV should be reclassified as CABMV. Together, these results provide unequivocal evidence that, in Brazil, passionfruit woodiness disease is primarily caused by CABMV. The presence of PWV in Brazil has yet to be confirmed.

Sixteen transgenic yellow passionfruit (Passiflora spp.) plants (R 0 ) were obtained which express a non-translatable transgenic RNA corresponding to the 3' region of the NIb gene and the 5' region of the CP gene, derived from the genome of a Brazilian isolate of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). The transgenic plants were propagated by stem cuttings and challenged by sap inoculation with isolates CABMV-MG1 and CABMV-PE1. One transgenic plant (TE5-10) was resistant to the isolate CABMV-MG1, but susceptible to CABMV-PE1. The remaining transgenic plants developed systemic symptoms, equal to non-transformed plants, when inoculated with either isolate. The absence of virus in TE5-10 plants was confirmed by indirect ELISA. Transcription analysis of the transgene demonstrated that the TE5-10 plant did not accumulate transgenic mRNA, even before inoculation. After inoculation, viral RNA was only detected in plants inoculated with CABMV-PE1. These results confirm that the transgenic plant TE5-10 is resistant to isolate CABMV-MG1, and suggest that the resistance mechanism is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which is already activated in the transgenic plants before virus inoculation.Additional keywords: Passionfruit woodiness virus, PWV, potyvirus, resistance. RESUMO Plantas transgênicas de maracujá-amarelo expressando um RNA derivado do genoma do Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus são resistentes ao endurecimento dos frutosDezesseis plantas transgênicas (R 0 ) de maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora spp.) foram obtidas expressando um RNA não-traduzível correspondente à região 3' do gene NIb e 5' do gene CP de um isolado brasileiro do CABMV. As plantas R 0 foram propagadas vegetativamente por estaquia e inoculadas com os isolados CABMV-MG1 e CABMV-PE1. Uma das plantas (TE5-10) foi resistente ao isolado CABMV-MG1, porém suscetível ao isolado CABMV-PE1. As demais plantas transgênicas foram suscetíveis a ambos os isolados, apresentando sintomas sistêmicos semelhantes ao de plantas não-transformadas. A ausência de replicação viral nas plantas TE5-10 foi confirmada por ELISA indireto. A análise da transcrição do transgene nas plantas TE5-10 demonstrou que estas não acumulam o mRNA transgênico, mesmo antes da inoculação com o vírus. Após a inoculação, o RNA viral foi detectado apenas em plantas inoculadas com o isolado CABMV-PE1. Esses resultados confirmam que a planta TE5-10 é resistente ao isolado CABMV-MG1, e sugerem que o mecanismo da resistência é baseado em silenciamento gênico pós-transcricional, o qual já se encontra ativado nas plantas antes da inoculação com o vírus.Palavras-chave adicionais: Passionfruit woodiness virus, PWV, potyvirus, resistência, maracujá amarelo.

RESUMO -Apesar de o controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do mamoeiro representar um dos componentes de grande importância do custo de produção, no mundo e no Brasil, a disponibilidade de informações sobre esse tema é escassa, o que reflete a pouca importância que tem sido dada ao assunto nas últimas décadas. Neste texto são discutidos alguns avanços no manejo integrado de plantas daninhas que têm sido alcançados em vários países, particularmente no tocante à manutenção da vegetação natural ou à introdução de leguminosas na entrelinha de cultivo. Não obstante, várias espécies de plantas daninhas foram identificadas como hospedeiras de vetores de importantes viroses à cultura, com destaque para Commelina benghalensis e Solanum americanum. Isso se reveste de grande importância para o manejo (seletivo) das plantas daninhas, sobretudo na produção integrada de mamão. Também são discutidos, em especial para a região norte do Estado do Espírito Santo, a seletividade de herbicidas, os períodos de controle e as principais características e aspectos práticos sobre o manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura do mamoeiro.Palavras-chave: Carica papaya, herbicidas, manejo integrado, período de competição, seletividade.ABSTRACT -Despite the fact that weed control entails high costs to crop production, the availability of national and international papers regarding papaya weed control is scarce, showing that little importance has been given to this subject in the last decades. Some integrated weed management advances attamed in several countries are discussed, particularly in the use of both natural groundcover or leguminous plants in the crop interrows. However, several weed species have been identified as host plants of major virus vectors to the crop, such as C. benghalensis and S. americanum. Such information is of major importance for selective weed control, particularly in the integrated system of papaya production. The present review also examined herbicide selectivity, weedy periods as well as the main characteristics and practical aspects of weed control in papaya, focusing on the production areas of the northern Espírito Santo State.

The irradiation has been considered an alternative process for decay control extending shelf life of fresh fruits. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on functional constituents on papaya fruits cv. Golden. Fruits were harvested into maturation 1 degree (stage) and irradiated with 0.8 kGy (Cobalt 60 source-MSD Nordion irradiator), and then stored at 24 ± 2°C. Total carotenoids and vitamin C contents were evaluated in the pulp fruits, in the 5, 7 e 9 th days post-harvest by a reversed-phase and ion exclusion column by a high performance liquid chromatography. Results demonstrated that the irradiation induced alterations in the total carotenoids and vitamin C levels. However, these changes did not affect the adequacy of vitamins A and C (for adult and children) in relation to daily nutritional requirements. In conclusion, the present data provide evidence that the irradiated papaya, did not impair reduce these nutritional characteristics.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um método simples e preciso de inoculação de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em frutos de mamão combinado com o estágio de maturação do fruto para reproduzir de modo repetitivo e uniforme sintomas de antracnose em laboratório. Frutos da cultivar 'Golden' nos estágios de maturação 1, 2 e 3, foram feridos por dois métodos diferentes (método 1 -cinco ferimentos feitos com uma agulha de metal n 0 6; método 2 -22 ferimentos feitos com conjunto de agulhas entomológicas n 0 7 ) e inoculados com uma suspensão de 2,5 x 10 6 conídios mL -1 de C. gloeosporioides. Os frutos foram incubados em câmara úmida por 48 horas à temperatura de 25 ± 2°C. A avaliação do ensaio foi realizada aos 5 dias após a inoculação, medindo-se o diâmetro das lesões de antracnose nos frutos. Os estágios de maturação 2 e 3 associados ao método 1 mostraram-se eficientes na reprodução de sintomas de antracnose em condição de laboratório. Palavras-chave:Antracnose, Carica papaya, Doença pós-colheita, Sintomas, Estágio de maturação. Metodology of inoculation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on papaya fruits.The aim of this paper was to establish a simple and precise method of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides inoculation in papaya fruits combined with the fruit maturation stadium to develop a repetitive way to reproduce anthracnose symptoms in laboratory. Fruits of cultivar 'Golden' in the maturation stadium 1, 2 and 3 were wounded in two ways with needle number 6 (method 1-five wounds done with a needle) and entomologic needle number 7 (method 2-22 wounds done with group of entomologic needles) and inoculated with a suspension of 2,5 x 10 6 conidia mL -1 of C. gloeosporioides. The fruits were incubated to the moist chamber by 48 hours at temperature of 25±2°C. The evaluation was accomplished to the 5 days after the inoculation, where the diameter of the anthracnose lesions was measured. The fruit maturation stadium 2 and 3 associated to the method 1 were more efficient in the reproduction of anthracnose symptoms in laboratory conditions.