J.A. Povh, N.M. Lopera-Barrero, R.P. Ribeiro, E. Lupchinski Jr., P.C. Gomes, and T.S. Lopes. 2008. Genetic monitoring of fi sh repopulation programs using molecular markers. Cien. Inv. Agr. 35(1):5-15. Native fi sh populations are decreasing due to several impact factors of the environment.In order to address this problem, several actions, for example stocking, have been accomplished. However, if these actions are undertaken without any scientifi c support, their effi ciency is low, and they can cause loss of genetic diversity in the populations, and irreversible impacts in the next generations. For this reason, the use of molecular markers to assess diversity through genetic monitoring, can contribute to the conservation of the icthyofauna.
RESUMO. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar, pela técnica RAPD, a variabilidade e a divergência genética de duas gerações da linhagem GIFT. Foram estimados parâmetros para os reprodutores (G 0 ) e para a progênie (F 1 ). A variabilidade genética foi determinada pela porcentagem de loci polimórficos e pelo índice de Shannon. As gerações apresentaram 69,6% de loci polimórficos (G 0 ) e 60,0% de polimorfismo (F 1 ). Os valores para o índice de Shannon foram de 0,367 para a geração G 0 e de 0,317 para a F 1 . Os valores de divergência genética, calculados pelo teste de Mantel, foram de 0,213 para a G 0 e 0,208 para a geração F 1 . Os resultados obtidos indicaram que houve perda da variabilidade genética da geração G 0 para a F 1 . No entanto, um fato a ser destacado foi a alta variabilidade genética para as gerações G 0 e F 1 , característica fundamental para que ocorra ganho por melhoramento genético. O conjunto de dados indicou, ainda, que o status genético é favorável para a continuidade do programa de melhoramento genético para a linhagem GIFT, no Estado do Paraná.Palavras-chave: índice de Shannon, gerações de cultivo, divergência genética, variabilidade genética.ABSTRACT. Variability evaluation of G 0 and F 1 generations of GIFT Nile tilapia strain (Oreochromis niloticus) by RAPD. This study had as objective to analyze, by RAPD technique, the genetic variability and divergence of two GIFT Nile tilapia strain generations. Parameters were estimated for breeders (G 0 ) and offspring (F 1 ). The genetic variability was determined by the polymorphic loci percentage and Shannon index. The polymorphic loci percentages were 69.6% (G 0 ) and 60.0% (F 1 ). The Shannon index values were 0.367 for the G 0 generation and 0.317 for F 1 . Genetic divergence values, calculated using the Mantel test, were 0.213 for G 0 and 0.208 for the F 1 generation. The results indicated that there was a genetic variability loss from the G 0 to F 1 generation. However, it is important to observe the high genetic variability found for both the G 0 and F 1 generations, which is a fundamental characteristic in order to obtain gains in breeding programs. The data also indicated that the genetic status is favorable to the continuing of the GIFT improvement program in Paraná State.
RESUMENEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la diversidad genética de tres líneas de tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), mediante marcadores RAPDs. Se analizaron 90 individuos adultos (30 de cada línea) de dos piscifactorías ubicadas en las ciudades de Maringá (líneas Bouaké -B y GIFT -G) y Guaíra (línea Chitralada -C), en el Estado del Paraná (Brasil). Los 13 oligonucleótidos seleccionados produjeron 72 fragmentos de los cuales 60 (83,3%) fueron polimórficos. Fueron observadas diferencias (p<0,05) en la frecuencia de 33 fragmentos, con 14 excluidos. Los resultados de variabilidad genética estimados por el porcentaje de fragmentos polimórficos y por el índice de diversidad genética de Shannon indicaron una alta variabilidad genética intra-poblacional. De acuerdo con el AMOVA, la mayor parte de la variación está dentro de cada línea. Este resultado se corroboró con los valores de FST, que mostraron una moderada diferenciación genética. También se constató que C y G fueron las líneas más semejantes genéticamente y que B y G presentaron menos genes en común. Los resultados de este estudio posibilitaran el correcto manejo reproductivo y genético de estas líneas de peces. SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of three Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) strains, through the RAPD markers. Ninety adult individuals (30 of each strain) of two fish farms stations located in the Maringá (Bouaké -B and GIFT -G strains) and Guaíra (Chitralada -C strain) cities, in the Paraná State (Brazil) were analyzed. The 13 selected primers yielded 72 fragments of which 60 (83.3%) were polymorphic. Differences (p<0.05) in the frequency of 33 fragments were observed, with 14 eliminated. The genetic variability results estimated by the percentage of polymorphic fragments and for the genetic diversity of Shannon index indicated a high intra-populational genetic variability. According with the AMOVA, most of the variation is within each strain. This result was corroborated with the FST values that showed a moderate genetic differentiation. It was also verified that C and G were the strains but similar genetically and that B and G presented less genes in common. The results of this study facilitated the correct reproductive and genetic management of these fish strains. INTRODUCCIÓNEn Brasil la producción total acuícola pasó de aproximadamente 30 000 toneladas en el inicio de los años noventa, hasta un
RESUMO. Cinqüenta e três exemplares de Cyprinus carpio foram induzidos com três agentes indutores: extratos de hipófises de frango (EHF), coelho (EHCo) e como controle, de carpa (EHC). O volume médio de sêmen, a concentração de espermatozóides, o número total de espermatozóides liberados no sêmen, foram superiores nos machos tratados com EHF e EHC (p<0,05) em relação ao EHCo. Não houve diferença (p>0,05), porém, para a motilidade progressiva, vigor espermático e a taxa de eclosão em função dos diferentes hormônios utilizados nos machos. Em fêmeas, as desovas, a unidade térmica acumulada, número de ovócitos/g de ovócitos liberados e a taxa de eclosão de acordo com hormônio utilizado na fêmea apresentaram melhor desempenho ao se utilizar EHF e EHC (p<0,05), comparado com EHCo. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, sugere-se a utilização do EHF para induzir machos e novas pesquisas em relação às fêmeas. O EHCo não promoveu estimulação satisfatória em machos e fêmeas.Palavras-chave: desova, espermiação, hipofisação, piscicultura, reprodução induzida, taxa de eclosão. ABSTRACT. Broiler chicken and rabbit pituitary extract on reproductive induction of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).Fifty-three Cyprinus carpio specimen were induced with three gonadal inducers: broiler chicken (BCPE), rabbit (RPE) and carp pituitary extract (CPE), as control. The average semen volume, spermatic concentration, total number of spermatozoa released in semen were higher in the males treated with BCPE and CPE (p<0.05) in relation to those treated with RPE. However, there was no difference (p>0.05) for progressive motility, spermatic vigor and hatching rate as result of different hormones used in males. The hormones BCPE and CPE (p<0.05) showed better results than RPE in females, considering spawning, accumulated thermic unit, number of oocytes/g of released oocytes and hatching rate. The results suggest BCPE utilization to induce males and the development of new researches relating to females. RPE did not show satisfactory response in males nor in females.
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