None of the known native actinorhizal species in Turkey, Alnus glutinosa and A. orientalis (Betulaceae), Datisca cannabina (Datiscaceae), Elaeagnus angustifolia and Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae), and the widely-planted exotic Casuarina cunninghamiana (Casuarinaceae), have confirmed records of actinorhizae in Turkey. This study determined the capacity of representative actinorhizal plants in Turkey to form nodules, cluster roots and ectomycorrhizal roots in a typical central Anatolian soil with and without amendment of soil and nodule extracts, as well as in soil from Adana and Izmir. Nodulation was confirmed experimentally for E. angustifolia and C. cunninghamiana in Niğde soil (the latter only with addition Adana or Izmir soil), but only observationally for A. glutinosa during sample collection in Rize. Cluster roots developed strongly in C. cunninghamiana, and likewise ectomycorrhizal roots in Allocasuarina verticillata (included as a reference species) but only to a lesser extent in C. cunninghamiana. The nodulation status of the natives, D. cannabina and H. rhamnoides, remains to be investigated.

Background: The efficacy of root and stem barks oil of Cleistopholis patens as a fumigant agent on Plodia interpunctella infesting maize grains as well as its toxic potential in wistar rats were investigated. Both plant oils were used for fumigant bioassay while only the root oil extract was used for all toxicological studies due to its higher toxicity on P. interpunctella when compared to stem oil extract. Both insects and wistar rats were exposed to different concentrations (0.0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) of the extract. 36 wistar rats were divided into Group A-F and each group received different concentrations of the oil extract except for Group A that received only Dimethyl sulphide saline and various toxicological tests were conducted. Results: Result shows that both stem and root extracts significantly evoked (p<0.05) higher larva and adult mortality in treated grains when compared to both controls except at 5% of both oil extracts. Ten percent root oil extract achieved 50% mortality in Plodia interpunctella within 48hrs and 25% achieved 100% mortality in larva and adult of Plodia interpunctella within 72hrs when compared to the amount needed to achieve 50% and 100% mortality in stem oil extract within 48hrs and 72hrs. Irrespective of the concentration administered to the animal, there were no significant alteration (p>0.05) in the toxicological test using both liver and kidney biochemical parameters.Conclusion: This study shows that root oil extract of C. patens is a very good fumigant poison to Plodia interpunctella with no toxic impact in wistar rats.