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The ability to answer all important questions about the radio-frequency (RF) scene is essential for cognitive radios (CRs) to be effective. In this paper, we propose a RF-based automatic traffic recognizer that, observing the radio spectrum emitted by a communication link and exploiting machine learning (ML) techniques, is able to distinguish between two types of data streams. Numerical results based on real waveforms collected by a RF sensor, demonstrate that over-the-air user traffic classification is possible with an accuracy of 97% at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Moreover, we show that using a neural network (NN) very good classification performance can be achieved also at low SNRs (around 2 dB). Finally, the impact of the observed RF bandwidth and the acquisition time window on the classification accuracy are analyzed in detail.

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