In this study we have addressed the effect of nitrogen fertilisation and shading used during nursery growth on the functional quality of Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) seedlings and their outplanting performance in an abandoned continental Mediterranean cropland. Three N fertilisation regimes: high and low fertilisation (154 and 34 mg N per plant, respectively) and no fertilisation, combined with two shade levels (full sun and 45% shade) were studied. Fertilisation increased the shoot size, shoot to root mass ratio (S/R), root N, and both shoot and root P concentration of the plants produced in the nursery. Fertilisation also enhanced the capacity of new root formation. Neither tissue K nor root mass was affected by N fertilisation. Shading increased S/R and root K concentration but reduced both shoot and root N concentration. Two years after planting, unfertilised seedlings had higher mortality and grew significantly less than those cultivated at both a low and a high fertilisation level. Shading during nursery growth had no influence on the outplanting performance of holm oak seedlings. Plants with a larger shoot and higher S/R had lower mortality and grew faster than those with a smaller shoot and lower S/R. Outplanting performance of holm oak seedlings was related with root N and P concentration and with RGC. No relationship was found with either shoot nutrient concentration or root mass. We conclude that high N fertilisation of holm oak seedlings in the nursery can improve their early field establishment in the afforestation Mediterranean abandoned croplands. #
Maize (Zea mays L.) is Mexico's primary staple food, but the Country's degrading soils and climate variability limit its productivity. Conservation agriculture (CA), a management technique that combines minimal tillage, permanent soil cover, and crop diversification, could reduce soil degradation and help improve soil health. There is however a lack of information about the effects of CA on soil health in the diverse agroecological conditions in Mexico. This study reports results of a field trial network established to adapt CA to Mexico's diverse cropping systems and local conditions.Physicochemical soil health, also referred to as soil quality, was studied in 20 trials in agro-ecologies ranging from handplanted traditional systems to intensive irrigated systems, initiated between 1991 and 2016. Soil in CA was compared to the local conventional practice (CP), which commonly involves tillage, residue removal, and continuous maize production. Across the sites, organic matter and nitrates were higher in the top (0-5 cm) layer of soil and soil aggregate stability was greater under CA than under CPs. For other soil health parameters, such as nutrient content, pH or penetration resistance, the effects of management varied widely across sites and soil types
Con el objetivo de determinar la expresión del Silk Balling, de caracteres agronómicos y de rendimiento, tres líneas élite de maíz fueron evaluadas bajo diferentes niveles de humedad en el suelo y densidades de población en dos ambientes: Dolores Hidalgo y Jaral del Progreso, Guanajuato, durante el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano, 2011. El ensayo involucró tres factores: 1) líneas élite de maíz (Prog A, B y C); 2) humedad edáfica (10, 100 y 190%); y 3) densidad de población (90, 100 y 110 mil plantas ha-1). Se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas sub-divididas, con 27 tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron porcentaje de mazorcas con Silk Balling (ESB), severidad de daño en la mazorca por Silk Balling (SBI), altura de planta y mazorca, acame de raíz, índice de prolificidad, rendimiento de grano en campo, longitud de mazorca y peso volumétrico de la semilla. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas significativas para ESB y SBI para localidades, genotipos y humedad del suelo. De tal modo que, cuando los genotipos fueron sometidos a estrés por deficiencia hídrica, la expresión del Silk Balling incrementó pero redujo la expresión fenotípica de caracteres restantes. Por otro lado, la densidad de población sólo presentó efecto significativo en rendimiento de grano y longitud de la mazorca. El rendimiento de grano fue estimulado al incrementarla densidad de siembra; sin embargo, la longitud de mazorca sufrió una significativa disminución.
RESUMENEl conocimiento del tipo de acción génica que controla los caracteres agronómicos es básico para la planeación y desarrollo de un programa de mejoramiento genético de maíz. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la aptitud combinatoria general (ACG), aptitud combinatoria específica (ACE) y los efectos recíprocos (ER) involucrados en la expresión de caracteres agronómicos de líneas S 3 de maíz. Las líneas y sus cruzas F 1 fueron evaluadas en dos fechas de siembra: 18 de marzo y 28 de mayo de 2014, donde se registraron los siguientes caracteres agronómicos: altura de planta, días a floración masculina y femenina, días a madurez fisiológica, aspecto general de planta, rendimiento de campo y algunos de sus componentes. Se encontró significancia entre genotipos y entre fechas de siembra para todos los caracteres evaluados. Con relación a los efectos de ACG y ACE, se encontraron diferencias significativas para todos los caracteres, con predominio de ACG sobre ACE para días a floración masculina y femenina, días a madurez fisiológica, altura de planta y componentes de rendimiento, pero en aspecto general de planta y rendimiento de campo el componente más importante fue la ACE. Los ER fueron significativos en altura de planta, días a floración femenina y aspecto general de planta. Las líneas TNM-5 y TNM-4 mostraron alta ACG en rendimiento y sus componentes y mayor precocidad. En las cruzas con estimadores altos y positivos en todas las características registradas, intervienen líneas con estimadores altos de ACG y con efectos bajos y negativos.Palabras clave: Zea mays, cruzas dialélicas, efectos genéticos. ABSTRACTKnowing the type of gene action that controls agronomic traits is essential for the planning and development of a maize genetic improvement program. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic components of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects (ER) involved in the expression of agronomic traits in a set of S 3 maize lines. F 1 crosses and their progenitors were evaluated at two planting dates: March 18 and May 28, 2014. The following agronomic traits were recorded: plant height, days to male and female flowering, days to physiological maturity, general appearance of the plant, crop yield and some of its components.
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