Lynch syndrome is caused by germline mutations in MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2 mismatch repair genes and leads to a high risk of colorectal and endometrial cancer. It was recently shown that constitutional 3 0 end deletions of EPCAM could cause Lynch syndrome in tissues with MSH2 deficiency.We aim to establish the spectrum of mutations in MSH2-associated Lynch syndrome cases and their clinical implications. Probands from 159 families suspected of having Lynch syndrome were enrolled in the study. Immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability (MSI) analyses were used on the probands of all families. Eighteen cases with MSH2 loss were identified: eight had point mutations in MSH2. In 10 Lynch syndrome families without MSH2 mutations, EPCAM-MSH2 genomic rearrangement screening was carried out with the use of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and reverse transcriptase PCR. We report that large germline deletions, encompassing one or more exons of the MSH2 gene, cosegregate with the Lynch syndrome phenotype in 23% (8 of
It has been reported that large genomic deletions in the MLH1 and MSH2 genes are a frequent cause of Lynch syndrome in certain populations. Here, a cohort has been screened and two new founder rearrangements have been found in the MSH2 gene. These mutations have been characterized by break point determination, haplotype analysis, and genotype-phenotype correlation. Mutations have been identified in the MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 genes in 303 subjects from 160 suspected Lynch syndrome unrelated families. All subjects were tested using heteroduplex analysis by capillary array electrophoresis. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to detect rearrangements in mutation-negative index patients and confirmed by reverse transcriptase PCR. The break point of the deletions was further characterized by the array comparative genomic hybridization method. Immunohistochemical staining and microsatellite instability were studied in tumor samples. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancerrelated phenotypes were evaluated. More than 16% (24 of 160) of the families had pathogenic mutations (8 MLH1, 15 MSH2, and 1 MSH6). Twelve of these families (50%) are carriers of a novel mutation. Seven of the 15 positive MSH2 families (47%) are carriers of a rearrangement. The exon 7 deletion and exon 4 to 8 deletion of MSH2 are new founder mutations. The segregation of a common haplotype, a similar phenotype, and anticipation effects were observed in these families. These findings will greatly simplify the diagnosis, counseling, and clinical care in suspected Lynch syndrome families and not just in specific geographic areas, so wide distribution may be explained by migration patterns.
El 80-90% de los pacientes con cáncer gástrico presentan enfermedad diseminada en algún período de su evolución, bien en el momento del diagnóstico como estadio IV (40%) o bien como enfermedad recurrente (70%), a consecuencia de la recaída del tratamiento quirúrgico curativo de los estadios I-III.El tratamiento con quimioterapia del cáncer gástrico diseminado es eminentemente paliativo. Su beneficio debe medirse en parámetros de supervivencia, de calidad de vida o de alivio sintomático, de toxicidad y de coste económico.Cuatro ensayos aleatorizados han evaluado el beneficio en supervivencia de la quimioterapia frente al tratamiento de soporte o sintomático solos, en cáncer gástrico diseminado. Globalmente, la quimioterapia retrasa la mediana del tiempo a la progresión en 3-4 meses y prolonga la mediana de supervivencia en 3-7 meses 1-4 (Tabla I).La administración de la quimioterapia de forma inmediata, tras el diagnóstico del cáncer gástrico diseminado, frente a su retraso a demanda de los síntomas no controlables con tratamiento sintomático solo, supone un aumento de la mediana de supervivencia (10 meses versus 4 meses) y una mayor proporción de pacientes con mejoría de la calidad de vida (75% versus 25%), según un pequeño estudio aleatorizado de Glimelius et al 5 . Esto pone de manifiesto que la ausencia o escasez de síntomas y por tanto un mejor estado funcional, se sigue de un mayor beneficio en supervivencia y calidad de vida para los pacientes con cáncer gástrico diseminado.El estudio aleatorizado de Glimelius et al., que compara quimioterapia (Etopósido-Ácido folínico-Fluorouracilo -ELF-, o Ácido folínico-Fluorouracilo en pacientes con estado funcional con índice de Karnofsky (70 y edad mayor de 60 años) frente a tratamiento de soporte en 61 pacientes con cáncer gástrico diseminado, muestra, además de un aumento de la supervivencia, una mejoría de la calidad de vida durante al menos 4 meses en el 45% de los pacientes que se tratan con quimioterapia, frente a sólo un 20% en los que reciben tratamiento sintomático (p <0,05) 4 .En este contexto de discreto beneficio importa el coste económico de la quimioterapia. En un estudio realizado en la Universidad de Upsala sobre el coste-eficacia de la quimioterapia paliativa en el cáncer gastrointestinal avanzado, los autores encuentran que el tratamiento con quimioterapia aumenta el gasto en un 50%; pero el aumento de supervivencia y de calidad de vida que la quimioterapia produce compensa su incremento en el gasto, de forma que el tratamiento citostático del cáncer gástrico diseminado es coste-eficaz y coste-útil 6 .En conclusión, la quimioterapia aporta una mayor supervivencia y una mejor calidad de vida a los pacientes con cáncer gástrico diseminado. Aunque este beneficio es discreto, justifica el incremento de gasto de la administración de fármacos citostáticos. Por tanto, la quimioterapia es el tratamiento de elección en los pacientes con cáncer gástrico avanzado con buen estado general.Prácticamente todos los citostáticos se han estudiado en ensayos de fase II...
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