Obesity is associated with reduced activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a region of the brain that plays a key role in the support of self-regulatory aspects of eating behavior and inhibitory control. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique used to modulate brain activity. We tested whether repeated anodal tDCS targeted at the left DLPFC (compared with sham tDCS) has an immediate effect on eating behavior during ad libitum food intake, resulting in weight change, and whether it might influence longer-term food intake-related appetite ratings in individuals with obesity. In a randomized parallel-design study combining inpatient and outpatient assessments over 31 d, 23 individuals with obesity [12 men; mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; in kg/m): 39.3 ± 8.42] received 15 sessions of anodal (i.e., enhancing cortical activity) or sham tDCS aimed at the left DLPFC. Ad libitum food intake was assessed through the use of a vending machine paradigm and snack food taste tests (SFTTs). Appetite was evaluated with a visual analog scale (VAS). Body weight was measured. We examined the effect of short-term (i.e., 3 sessions) and long-term (i.e., 15 sessions) tDCS on these variables. Relative to sham tDCS, short-term anodal tDCS did not influence ad libitum intake of food from the vending machines. Accordingly, no effect on short-term or 4-wk weight change was observed. In the anodal tDCS group, compared with the sham group, VAS ratings for hunger and the urge to eat declined significantly more ( = 0.01 and = 0.05, respectively), and total energy intake during an SFTT was relatively lower in satiated individuals ( = 0.01), after long-term tDCS. Short-term anodal tDCS of the left DLPFC did not have an immediate effect on ad libitum food intake or thereby weight change, relative to sham tDCS. Hunger and snack food intake were reduced only after a longer period of anodal tDCS in individuals with obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00739362.

<p>El auge de la Corona de Aragón en el siglo xv va a propiciar en la arquitectura notables progresos. El caso del maestro Francesc Baldomar (activo entre 1425- 1476) es probablemente el más destacado en Valencia, pues dirigirá las obras más significativas de la ciudad. En estas, además, demostrará su maestría y su avanzado control de la geometría aportando soluciones de gran complejidad, e incluso un nuevo tipo de bóveda.</p>

El artículo examina algunos problemas centrales del dibujo de arquitectura en la época bajomedieval y renacentista, teniendo en cuenta tanto los estudios clásicos en este campo como las aportaciones más recientes; intenta ofrecer una visión panorámica pero integrada de varias de estas cuestiones esenciales. En particular, se tratan las conexiones entre la geometría culta y las prácticas canteriles de trazado, la relación entre trazas en papel y monteas sobre soportes rígidos, la aparición de la proyección ortogonal, las diferencias entre las elevaciones medievales y nuestros alzados, los nuevos resultados geométricos que debe suministrar la traza de origen medieval para facilitar la ejecución de los diseños renacentistas, el empleo de algunos procedimientos de trazado de origen renaciente para materializar bóvedas de crucería, invirtiendo el orden cronológico que cabría esperar, y la peculiar síntesis entre ambos mundos que ofrecen las bóvedas por cruceros, es decir, bóvedas de casetones de aspecto clásico materializadas por nervios y plementería.

Sin resumen

Water is an essential element in the life of the human being for which its conservation and good use is necessary, in this work we make a proposal for the development of a low-cost system for water management in order to save on Its consumption, using infrared technology, the results provide a mechanism that can be replicated and at different scales, by the use of commonly used devices.