Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The target organ is the lung. This infection appeared in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 and the WHO considered it a pandemic in March 2020. One year after the first known cases, and although there is a great amount of scientific knowledge acquired of the disease, there are still some unanswered questions. As a matter of fact, there is a lack of knowledge about which patients will suffer sequels, what kind of morphological changes and sequel types will be expected, nor the grade of functional severity. It is known that other coronavirus pneumoniae caused pulmonary sequels and therefore they are expected in COVID-19. In this work we review several COVID-19 aspects related with the development and grading of mid- and long-term pulmonary sequels, including fibrosis and vascular changes, and strengthen the role of medical imaging in this evaluation.

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Beyond the bronchial dilatations associated with age, several studies have documented a higher prevalence of bronchiectasis in patients with severe asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Perhaps COPD or asthmatic patients with bronchiectasis represent a clinical phenotype characterised by greater clinical and functional severity, a higher number of exacerbations and, in the case of COPD, greater colonisation by potentially pathogenic microorganisms and probably a poor prognosis. Although international guidelines recommend that the two diseases are treated separately when they coexist, patients with COPD or asthma associated with bronchiectasis may benefit from specific treatments, such as long-term antibiotics, physiotherapy or macrolides. It is biologically plausible that severe asthma, and especially severe COPD, are related to de novo bronchiectasis, but no study has yet demonstrated any cause-effect relationship. Early diagnosis and treatment of bronchiectasis in COPD and asthma could be crucial to improve their prognosis. This relationship poses an interesting scientific challenge for the future. (BRN Rev. 2017;3:178-91)

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