The objectives of this study are to modeling the spatial distribution of Covid-19 at the regional scale (Case of Algeria) based on geostatistcal study of covid-19 cases spatial distribution and Hybrid Kriging. The data analysis of a published o cially Covid-19 reports by the Algerian Ministry of Health. a map of contamination by covid-19 has been obtained and a new model of risk evaluation has been developed and proposed to predict the propagation of this pandemic in Algeria. To conclude this work show areas with high population density are most exposed to virus propagation and death arising. Simulation show that infection by Covid-19 will arise to 14 000 cases in Algeria in the last of April also the velocity of transmission of this virus is rapid. Map obtained help the local authority to manage Covid-19 infections at the spatial scale.

Background Within 4 months of COVID-19 first being reported in the USA, it spread to every state and to more than 90% of all counties. During this period, the US COVID-19 response was highly decentralised, with stay-at-home directives issued by state and local officials, subject to varying levels of enforcement. The absence of a centralised policy and timeline combined with the complex dynamics of human mobility and the variable intensity of local outbreaks makes assessing the effect of large-scale social distancing on COVID-19 transmission in the USA a challenge.Methods We used daily mobility data derived from aggregated and anonymised cell (mobile) phone data, provided by Teralytics (Zürich, Switzerland) from Jan 1 to April 20, 2020, to capture real-time trends in movement patterns for each US county, and used these data to generate a social distancing metric. We used epidemiological data to compute the COVID-19 growth rate ratio for a given county on a given day. Using these metrics, we evaluated how social distancing, measured by the relative change in mobility, affected the rate of new infections in the 25 counties in the USA with the highest number of confirmed cases on April 16, 2020, by fitting a statistical model for each county.Findings Our analysis revealed that mobility patterns are strongly correlated with decreased COVID-19 case growth rates for the most affected counties in the USA, with Pearson correlation coefficients above 0•7 for 20 of the 25 counties evaluated. Additionally, the effect of changes in mobility patterns, which dropped by 35-63% relative to the normal conditions, on COVID-19 transmission are not likely to be perceptible for 9-12 days, and potentially up to 3 weeks, which is consistent with the incubation time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 plus additional time for reporting. We also show evidence that behavioural changes were already underway in many US counties days to weeks before state-level or local-level stay-at-home policies were implemented, implying that individuals anticipated public health directives where social distancing was adopted, despite a mixed political message.Interpretation This study strongly supports a role of social distancing as an effective way to mitigate COVID-19 transmission in the USA. Until a COVID-19 vaccine is widely available, social distancing will remain one of the primary measures to combat disease spread, and these findings should serve to support more timely policy making around social distancing in the USA in the future.

No abstract

and distribution mechanisms. (4) Adaptability to changes in reporting over time; the system will require flexibility in the data structure and effective communication channels. (5) Privacy concerns; all personally identifiable data should be anonymised and aggregated, and privacy should not be a reason for delaying or withholding the public release of data. The system should be hosted by an apolitical organisation, sufficiently resourced and empowered, and supported by a global community of public health experts.The development and implementation of such a system is not a simple task. However, it is feasible and far more economical and efficient than the duplicative efforts required by third parties to build such a platform in real time amid a global health crisis, as was the case with COVID-19. Critically, without such a system in place, our ability to respond effectively to the inevitable future pandemics will be limited, and the cost will be human lives.We declare no competing interests.

Long-term consequences of COVID-19: research needsWeeks and months after the onset of acute COVID-19, people continue to suffer. Paul Garner, a professor of epidemiology at Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK, wrote on the 95th day after the onset of symptoms that "I am unable to be out of bed for more than three hours at a stretch, my arms and legs are permanently