This assessment follows the Society for Marine Mammalogy's Committee on Taxonomy (2017) which recognizes a single species in the genus, Inia geoffrensis, the Amazon River Dolphin, with two subspecies: I. g. boliviensis (d' Orbigny 1834), the Bolivian Bufeo, and I. g. geoffrensis (Blainville 1817), the Common Boto. The Bolivian Bufeo occurs in the Iténez-Guaporé, Mamoré, and Rio Grande River basins in Bolivia (Tavera et al. 2010) and along almost the entire length of the Madeira River in Brazil (Gravena et al. 2014a,b). The Common Boto occurs in the Amazon River system of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, in the Araguaia-Tocantins River system in eastern Brazil which has no connection to the Amazon River basin (Hrbek et al., 2014, Siciliano et al. 2016a, and in the Orinoco Basin of Venezuela and Colombia da Silva 1989b, Trujillo et al. 2010a). To emphasize the taxonomic uncertainty concerning how many species should be recognized in the genus, and the fact that these dolphins inhabit several river basins in addition to the Amazon, this assessment does not use the common name Amazon River Dolphin but instead uses the genus name Inia.A new species I. boliviensis (d'Orbigny 1834) was described from a specimen collected in the Rio Itenez (or Guapore in Brazilian Portuguese) near or at Forte Principe da Beira, Brazil. This putative species also occurs in rivers in Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Beni, and Pando Departments of the Bolivian Amazon basin and in the Madeira River of Brazil. It does not overlap with other Inia populations in several morphological characters including rostral length, and it has significant differences in the number of teeth (da Silva 1994). The boliviensis form is considered to have been reproductively isolated by a long series of rapids for an estimated 3.1 million years (Hollatz et al. 2011). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear introns have been interpreted as suggesting that these dolphins are on a separate evolutionary trajectory and therefore may deserve recognition as a phylogenetic species (Banguera-Hinestroza et al. 2002, Ruiz-García et al. 2008). However, Gravena et al. (2014a, with better sampling of the Madeira River system above and below the Teotônio Rapids (the proposed barrier to movement of individuals and gene flow), found that these rapids did not appear to obstruct gene flow from the upstream to the downstream population. Gravena et al. (2015) nevertheless concluded that Inia along the Madeira River possess the unique mtDNA of the putative species I. boliviensis (one line of evidence for recognizing species-level difference), and they argued that even if there is hybridization in the contact zone in the

The genus Ctenomys consists of about 70 species and in addition to the Geomyidae of the Nearctic, Neotropical tuco-tucos represent a well-documented case of diversification in the subterranean biotype. Here we will: i) Provide an updated summary of the natural history of the 12 species of extant tuco-tucos from Bolivia; ii) Update information on distributions of each species; and iii) Using ecological niche modeling, evaluate recent and projected habitat transformation or habitat degradation within the known range of each species to provide a preliminary assessment of the preservation or conservation status of ctenomyids within Bolivia.  We follow Gardner et al. (2014) and combine species summaries with both updated published and new data to compile a complete list of known extant species of tuco-tucos from Bolivia.  Occurrence data for Ctenomys in Bolivia and surrounding areas were extracted from the database Arctos and GBIF.  All individual specimen-based locality records were checked and georeferenced by referring to original museum collection records. We created species distribution models for the species with enough locality records using climate and soil data, while for the rest of the species we estimated the ranges based on the known occurrence localities. Finally, we quantified the amount of large-scale habitat conversion occurring within each species range, as well as the potential effect of climatic change on species distribution.  Here we present information regarding the biology of tuco-tuco (Ctenomys) species known to occur in Bolivia, including unpublished natural history data such as habitat association, interactions and activity patterns gathered by the authors through extensive field work. Besides this, we estimated the current distribution of Ctenomys species, quantified large-scale habitat transformation within each species range and assessed the potential effect of climatic change on five tuco-tuco species. We found that the habitats within the ranges of C. boliviensis and C. steinbachi have experienced significant land-cover conversions in recent years.  We also show that C. opimus, as well as the above mentioned species are expected to undergo range contractions resulting from climatic change by 2070.  Our review shows that there is a dearth of information regarding natural history, taxonomy and distribution for many Bolivian tuco-tuco species. Nonetheless, the information presented here can be a tool for directing and focusing field studies of these species. This is of great importance if we take into account that most of the Bolivian tuco-tucos are subject to one or several conservation/preservation threats.  These include: Habitat destruction via land use or climatic changes in conjunction with geographic ranges of Ctenomys that are small in areal extent and which in many cases are not adequately covered by protected areas.

The Bolivian river dolphin (Inia boliviensis), locally known as bufeo is an endemic species and categorized as Vulnerable in the Red Book of Vertebrates of Bolivia. Despite the fact that the Bolivian river dolphin is the only cetacean in land-locked Bolivia, knowledge about its conservation status and vulnerability to anthropogenic actions is extremely deficient. We report on the rescue and translocation of Bolivian river dolphins trapped in a shrinking segment of the Pailas River, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Anthropogenic activities to alter the landscape and create agricultural land in the area include significant deforestation and irrigation channel construction and are likely to be a contributory factor causing the entrapment of these Bolivian River dolphins. The dolphins were trapped in shallow water in a 1 km section of river. Dry season water levels were rapidly falling and this section of river dried up completely.  We collaborated with several institutions, authorities, and volunteers to translocate 26 Bolivian river dolphins, including calves, juveniles, and pregnant females. The dolphins were captured and transported using well-padded boats and vehicles and released into the Rio Grande. Each dolphin was accompanied by biologists who assured their welfare. No dolphins were injured or died during this process. If habitat degradation continue, it is likely that events in which river dolphins become trapped in South America may happen more frequently in the future.

This study provides information on seasonal distribution patterns for river dolphins in Bolivia.