Resumo O artigo investiga como eventos de El Niño de diferentes durações afetam a circulação atmosférica no Atlântico Tropical Norte (ATN), quais consequências dessas alterações sobre a variabilidade interanual da temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) na região e qual a resposta, em termos de anomalias de precipitação, sobre o Ceará. A análise foi feita através da composição de variáveis oceanográficas e atmosféricas para 18 eventos de El Niño, divididos em eventos de curta e longa duração. Os resultados mostram que os eventos de maior duração resultaram em anomalias positivas de TSM sobre a região do ATN, favorecendo, assim, ao desenvolvimento do gradiente inter-hemisférico de anomalias de TSM positivo e um regime de precipitação abaixo da média no Ceará. Por outro lado, as alterações na circulação atmosférica sobre o ATN não se mostraram tão intensas nos anos em que o El Niño apresentou menor duração, resultando em anomalias de TSM no ATN próximas a zero e consequentemente não foi observado um gradiente de anomalias de TSM no Atlântico Tropical. A composição das anomalias de precipitação sobre o Ceará próximas de zero nesses anos condiz com essa não formação de um gradiente de anomalias de TSM.
The present study investigates how the 20th‐century atmospheric reanalyses (ERA‐20C and NOAA‐20CR) reproduce the known impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) atmospheric circulation from the boreal winter to spring and the consequences on northeastern Brazil (NEB) precipitation during its rainy season (boreal spring). For the period 1979–2010, comparisons of atmospheric patterns associated with ENSO events are made through the use of anomaly composites of variables provided by ERA‐20C, NOAA‐20CR and satellite‐era reanalyses (ERA‐Interim and NCEP‐Reanalysis 2). We also evaluate the ability of the reanalyses to reproduce the interannual variability of precipitation during the boreal spring over Ceará state (located in NEB) by statistically comparing them with Funceme rain‐gauge and Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC) datasets. As the main result, both 20th‐century reanalyses capture the major features in the tropical Pacific representing the climatic system during ENSO years as well as its impacts on the tropical Atlantic, in agreement with previous studies. However, some differences are noted, such as (a) NOAA‐20CR differs from the other reanalyses since it indicates stronger (weaker) near‐surface (upper levels) wind anomalies over the central‐western equatorial Pacific in both El Niño and La Niña composites; (b) over the tropical Atlantic, all reanalyses indicate the existence of an omega anomalies dipole between 10°N and 10°S for both ENSO phases although a weaker signal is seen in NOAA‐20CR; (c) NOAA‐20CR underestimates the intensity of the precipitation anomalies over the NEB during El Niño and La Niña years, and this is associated with the weaker vertical velocity anomalies. These results indicate that ERA‐20C is the most appropriate 20th‐century reanalysis to study the long‐term interannual variability in the tropical Atlantic associated with ENSO and its impacts on precipitation in northeastern Brazil.
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