Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are emerging as promising materials in the sensor field because they enable high-sensitivity detection of various substances in aqueous media. However, most CPE-based sensors have serious problems in real-world application because the sensor system is operated only when the CPE is dissolved in aqueous media. Here, the fabrication and performance of a water-swellable (WS) CPE-based sensor driven in the solid state are demonstrated. The WS CPE films are prepared by immersing a water-soluble CPE film in cationic surfactants of different alkyl chain lengths in a chloroform solution. The prepared film exhibits rapid, limited water swellability despite the absence of chemical crosslinking. The water swellability of the film enables the highly sensitive and selective detection of Cu 2+ in water. The fluorescence quenching constant and the detection limit of the film are 7.24 × 10 6 L mol −1 and 4.38 nM (0.278 ppb), respectively. Moreover, the film is reusable via a facile treatment. Furthermore, various fluorescent patterns introduced by different surfactants are successfully fabricated by a simple stamping method. By integrating the patterns, Cu 2+ detection in a wide concentration range (nM−mM) can be achieved.

This study tried to verify effectiveness of treatments for children who received Early Intervention Service (EIS) for children with problem behaviour. The research evaluated the validity of treatment service in improvement of problem behaviour in the areas of internalizing, externalizing, attention and sociality, and verified differences of effectiveness between methods of treatment. One hundred and ninety seven children participated in this study. They received the treatment services from 5 different branches of H Center, specialized center for emotional and psychological treatment, which was providing EIS on problem behaviour. According to the analysis of pre-post test on problem behaviours, the treatment which EIS centre provided had positive influence on behaviours change of object children, especially Play Therapy and Art Therapy made greater improvement of children's behaviours. These results suggest the need of continuous study and development in intervention programs related to Play Therapy and Art Therapy.