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Studies revealed that iron-doped activated carbons were effective in removing phosphate. AC/N-Fe(II) has a higher phosphate removal capacity than AC/N-Fe(III), which could be attributed to its better intra-particle diffusion and higher binding energy. The activation energy for adsorption was calculated to be 22.23 and 10.89 kJ mol(-1) for AC/N-Fe(II) and AC/N-Fe(III), respectively. The adsorption process was complex; both surface adsorption and intra-particle diffusion were simultaneously occurring during the process and contribute to the adsorption mechanism.

A large-scale silver nanoparticle production by microwave treatment for the electronic ink. By drawing on the photo paper, the conductive tracks were realized without any heat treatment.

This paper presents a systematic study of a novel tower bio-vermifilter system for rural wastewater treatment at three scales: bench-scale, pilot-scale, and engineering applications. First, three types of bioreactors were tested in the bench-scale experiments: earthworm bioreactor, soil filter, and one-stage bio-vermifilter. Experiments with the earthworm bioreactor and soil filter determined the optimum earthworm density and soil layer depth to be 12.5 g/L and 40 cm, respectively. The onestage bio-vermifilter's poor performance in removing nitrogen and phosphorous led to several improvements in the design of the pilot tower bio-vermifilter system including the addition of one anaerobic biofilter for pretreatment, the use of two stages of bio-vermifilters, and the replacement of gravel with ceramsite in the media. Second, a pilot tower bio-vermifilter system built in Yixing City of Jiangsu province showed a good performance in the removal of chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, and phosphorous. However, the system's removal of total nitrogen showed considerable fluctuations, possibly due to the low ratio of carbon to nitrogen in its stage two biovermifilter. Finally, four operating tower bio-vermifilter systems in three basins of China were evaluated and compared with two other rural sewage treatment technologies in terms of economic costs and pollutant removal performance. Comparison results show that the tower biovermifilter system is a versatile system that can work effectively under a variety of natural and socioeconomic conditions at a reasonable cost.