The analysis of ossification points plays a considerable role in forensic age estimation. Although traditional methods are still in use, researchers are working on different age estimation procedures especially within the development of radiologic methods. One of these methods is to define spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion degree. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, an important growth point on cranial base, provides noteworthy information about age estimation through its late stage ossification nature. This study aimed to investigate spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion degree for age estimation in the Turkish population. In our study, 1-mm-sectioned computed tomography images of 638 (399 men and 139 women) subjects within the age of 10 to 25 years were retrospectively examined. It is stated in our study that spheno-occipital syncondrosis fusion begins superiorly and progresses inferiorly until it is completed. Spheno-occipital syncondrosis is known to be totally open at the mean (SD) age of 11.5 (1.5) years in men and 10.7 (0.8) years in women. In addition, fusion degree is known to be increased with age. Fusion starts approximately 2 years earlier in women than in men, and the process of fusion completes at the age of 17 years in both sexes. An analysis of fusion degree between sex groups showed significance at the age of 11 to 15 years, and Spearman rank correlations indicate a significant positive relationship between age and degree of spheno-occipital fusion (P < 0.001; men, ρ = 0.714; women, ρ = 0.698). Consequently, 5-staged analysis of spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion degree in use with 1-mm computed tomography images will be helpful for age estimation between 11 and 17 years.

Background: Conventional imaging modalities are inadequate to evaluate locoregional extension of prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of the current retrospective study was to investigate the diagnostic efficacy of Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 (Ga-68 PSMA-11) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) for staging preoperative PCa patients with correlating histopathology. Materials and Methods:Twenty-four patients with histologically proven PCa underwent both Ga-68 PSMA-11 PET/CT and mp-MRI before robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. For each tumor area, correlations with histopathological results were defined for tumor localization, extraprostatic extension (EPE) of the tumor, invasion of seminal vesicle (SVI) and bladder neck invasion (BNI). In patients with regional lymph node (LN) dissection, histopathological results were also correlated with imaging modalities.Results: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy for detection of EPE and SVI were higher for mp-MRI than Ga-68 PSMA-11 PET/CT. On the other hand Ga-68 PSMA-11 PET/CT had significant successful results for detection of LN metastases when compared with mp-MRI. But for BNI detection both modalities had same insufficient results. Ga-68 PSMA-11 PET/ CT had strong results for appropriate tumor localization in the gland. Conclusion: Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT has superior results for assessing local LN metastases and for intraprostatic tumor localization. Whereas, mp-MRI must be the preferred modality for determining SVI and EPE. But both imaging modalities failed for determining BNI accurately. Both modalities should be used in conjunction with each other for better treatment planning. K E Y W O R D S extraprostatic extension, Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 positron emission tomography/computed tomography, lymph node, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, prostate cancer, seminal vesicle The Prostate. 2019;79:1007-1017. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pros

Diffusion Weighted MRI is a promising technique for diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Apparent Diffusion Coefficients provide valuable information for staging of liver fibrosis. DWI may offer alternative to biopsy for assessing liver fibrosis.

Objective: Literature related to the imaging of COVID-19 pneumonia, its findings and contribution to diagnosis and its differences from adults are limited in pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate chest X-ray and chest CT findings in children with COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods: Chest X-ray findings of 59 pediatric patients and chest CT findings of 22 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia were evaluated retrospectively. Results: COVID-19 pneumonia was most commonly observed unilaterally and in lower zones of lungs in chest X-ray examinations. Bilateral and multifocal involvement (55%) was the most observed involvement in the CT examinations, as well as, single lesion and single lobe (27%) involvement were also detected. Pure ground-glass appearance was observed in 41%, ground-glass appearance and consolidation together was in 36%. While peripheral and central co-distribution of the lesions (55%) were frequently observed, the involvement of the lower lobes (69%) was significant. In four cases,the coexistence of multiple rounded multifocal ground-glass appearance and rounded consolidation were observed. Conclusion: COVID-19 pneumonia imaging findings may differ in the pediatric population from adults. In diagnosis, chest X-ray should be preferred, CT should be requested if there is a pathologic finding on radiography that merits further evaluation and if clinically indicated. Advances in knowledge: Radiological findings of COVID-19 observed in children may differ from adults. Chest X-ray should often be sufficient in children avoiding additional irradiation, chest CT needs only be done in cases of clinical necessity.

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