Abstract. The current study was designed to determine the changes of the cardiac troponin I (cTnI) expression in blood and tissue during the myocardial degeneration in calves with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Seventeen crossbred calves presenting pathological signs for FMD confirmed by viral analysis were studied. A biochemistry panel and immunohistochemistry were performed on 17 diseased calves and 7 calves used as controls. Creatine kinase (CK), CK-myocardial band (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were analyzed for both groups. Cardiac troponin I levels were measured by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Mean cTnI (14.8 6 1.9 ng/ml) concentration and CK (573 6 407 U/l), CK-MB (238 6 37 U/l), AST (84 6 7), and LDH (298 6 29 U/l) activities were higher in FMD cases compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed loss or depletion of cTnI expression in myocardium of all cases. None of the 7 controls showed loss of cTnI expression. Increased serum cTnI concentration correlated with myocardial injury and loss of cTnI immunolabeling in cardiomyocytes of calves with FMD.

This study was designed to disclose some indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation in natural cases of bovine leptospirosis. For this purpose, 12 bulls exhibiting clinical signs of leptospirosis and 10 healthy bulls were used. Animals were subjected to thorough clinical examination and the clinical signs were recorded. All animals were blood sampled in order to determine serum total sialic acid (TSA), lipid bound sialic acid (LBSA), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), uric acid (UA), total protein (TP), albumin and glucose. Urine samples were collected from each animal and examined under dark-field microscope to observe spirochetes. Diseased animals exhibited clinical signs suggesting leptospirosis and the diagnosis was supported by positive dark-field microscope examination. Mean TSA (mmol/L), LBSA (mmol/L), TP (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), glucose (mg/dl), MDA (micromol/L), GSH (mg/dl), NO (nmol/ml), and UA (mg/L) levels were 1.63 +/- 0.02, 0.40 +/- 0.10, 7.18 +/- 0.24, 3.23 +/- 0.5, 64.96 +/- 1.88, 5.71 +/- 0.11, 78.68 +/- 0.72, 7.94 +/- 0.34, and 8.75 +/- 0.41 in healthy bulls, and 2.50 +/- 0.05, 0.70 +/- 0.2, 9.27 +/- 0.17, 2.55 +/- 0.62, 107.93 +/- 2.52, 8.82 +/- 0.14, 47.85 +/- 1.85, 14.57 +/- 0.63 and 15.85 +/- 0.80 in leptospirosis cases, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Increased TSA, LBSA, MDA, NO, UA, TP, glucose and decreased GSH and albumin concentrations were suggestive of inflammation and oxidative stress in diseased bulls. The results obtained may suggest that oxidative damage along with other mechanisms might have taken part in the pathogenesis of bovine leptospirosis and further detailed studies are needed to fully understand the mechanism(s) of the disease.

The study comprised of 12 bulls, aged between 18-36 months, determined severe symptoms of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and 10 clinically healthy bulls of similar age. Serum and saliva total sialic acid (SA), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured. In this study were determined acute fever, anorexia, vesicular lesions in the mouth and feet of infected animals with consequent excessive salivation, lameness and reduced productivity as clinical signs. Mean serum SA, MDA, GSH and NO levels were 503.96±21.43 mg/L, 31.82±3.43 µmol/L, 63.43±2.92 mg/dL, and 6.49±0.36 nmol/L in healthy bulls and 862.01±17.35 mg/L, 82.49±9.90 µmol/L, 24.96±2.32 mg/dL, and 13.89±0.53 nmol/L in FMD cases, respectively. Mean saliva SA, MDA, GSH and NO levels were 75.98±10.25 mg/L, 1.06±0.17 µmol/L, 0.67±0.05 mg/dL, and 1.44±0.14 nmol/L in healthy bulls and 156.49±14.07 mg/L, 1.81±0.15 µmol/L, 0.34±0.03 mg/dL, and 2.44±0.16 nmol/L in FMD cases, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.001 and P<0.01). Mean serum and saliva GSH level was lower in FMD while all other parameters were considerable high. As a result, showing signs of foot and mouth disease in bulls, serum and saliva in sialic acid and oxidative stress parameters are affected very significantly.Keywords: Bull, Malondialdehyde, Foot-and-mouth

ÖzetMetamizol sodyum (MS), veteriner sahada yaygın olarak kullanılan pirazolon türevi narkotik olmayan ağrı kesici ilaçlardandır. Bu çalışma, farelere farklı dozda metamizol sodyum uygulamalarının serum üre, kreatinin, alanin aminotransferaz (ALT), aspartat aminotransferaz (AST) ve alkalen fosfataz (ALP) enzim aktiviteleri ile karaciğer ve böbrek doku malondialdehit (MDA) ve indirgenmiş glutatyon (GSH) düzeyleri üzerine olan etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışmada toplam 32 adet Swiss Albino fare kullanıldı ve hayvanlar 4 eşit gruba (n=8) ayrıldı. Bir grup kontrol olarak ayrılırken, diğer üç gruptaki farelere 7 gün süre ile her gün 20 (Grup I), 50 (Grup II) ve 100 mg/kg (Grup III) olmak üzere normal, orta ve yüksek dozlarda MS kas içi uygulandı. Yedi günlük uygulamadan sonra farelerden kan ve doku örnekleri alındı. Serum örneklerinden üre ve kreatinin düzeyleri, ALT, AST ve ALP enzim aktiviteleri ile karaciğer ve böbrek doku süpernatantlarında MDA ve GSH analizleri yapıldı. Çalışmada, yüksek doz (100 mg/kg) uygulanan deney grubu serum üre ve kreatinin düzeyleri ile ALT, AST ve ALP enzim aktiviteleri, karaciğer ve böbrek dokusunda MDA miktarı, kontrol ve diğer iki gruba göre yüksek (p<0.05) bulunurken, hücresel enzimatik olmayan savunma sisteminde rol oynayan GSH düzeyi ise yüksek doz MS verilen grupda, kontrol ve diğer iki gruba göre düşük (p<0.05) olarak tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak kısa süreli de olsa yüksek doz (100 mg/kg) olarak verilen MS'un karaciğer ve böbrek dokuları üzerinde hasara neden olabileceği kanaatine varıldı.Anahtar sözcükler: Metamizol sodyum, enzim, MDA, GSH, Karaciğer, Böbrek The Effect of Different Doses of Metamisole Sodium on Serum Enzyme Activities and Tissue Oxidant Levels in Liver and Kidney in Mice SummaryMetamisole sodium (MS), a pyrosilone derivate, is widely used non-opioid analgesic in veterinary medicine. This study evaluated the effect of different doses of metamisole sodium on serum urea, creatin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phophatase (ALP) activities and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) level in liver and kidney in mice. The study involved 32 Swiss Albino mice. Animals were divided into four equal groups. One group was left control the other three groups received 20 (Group I), 50 (Group II) and 100 mg/kg (Group III) MS intramuscularly for 7 days. After a seven-day injection blood and tissue samples were collected from mice. Serum samples were examined for the determination of BUN, creatin, ALT, AST and ALP while tissue samples were evaluated for MDA and GSH levels. The high dose group (100mg/kg) had higher concentrations of serum BUN, creatin, ALT, AST and tissue MDA but low concentration of GSH (p<0.05) when compared to other groups.In conclusion, short term high dose (100 mg/kg) of MS resulted in liver and kidney degeneration.

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