Forest roads are the base infrastructure foundation of forestry operations. These roads entail a complex engineering effort because they can cause substantial environmental damage to forests and include a high-cost construction. This study was carried out in four sample sites of Giresun, Trabzon(2) and Artvin Forest Directorate, which is in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The areas have both steep terrain (30-50% gradient) and very steep terrain (51-80% gradient). Bulldozers and hydraulic excavators were determined to be the main machines for forest road construction, causing environmental damage and cross sections in mountainous areas.As a result of this study, the percent damage to forests was determined as follows: on steep terrain, 21% of trees were damaged by excavators and 33% of trees were damaged by bulldozers during forest road construction, and on very steep terrain, 27% of trees were damaged by excavators and 44% of trees were damaged by bulldozers during forest road construction. It was also determined that on steep terrain, when excavators were used, 12.23% less forest area was destroyed compared with when bulldozers were used and 16.13% less area was destroyed by excavators on very steep terrain. In order to reduce the environmental damage on the forest ecosystem, especially in steep terrains, hydraulic excavators should replace bulldozers in forest road construction activities.

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Abstract. We study projections and injections between projective tensor products spaces or spaces of polynomials and we show that the example of a polynomial constructed in [4], that is neither p-dominated nor compact, can be identified with the projection map of the symmetric tensor product onto the space. Also we give a characterization of the weak and quasi approximation properties on symmetric tensor products.Since Ryan [17] proved that the projective symmetric k-fold tensor product of a Banach space E is a predual of the space of continuous k-homogeneous polynomials on E; the relationship between both spaces has been deeply studied and shown to be a powerful tool in infinite dimensional holomorphy (see [10,9,6]). This duality between polynomials and linear operators on symmetric tensor product spaces is generalized to the vector-valued case by means of the process known as linearization, that arose first in [17]. The linearization process establishes an isomorphism from the space of vector valued continuous k-homogeneous polynomials P( k E; F ) and the space of continuous linear operators defined on the projective symmetric tensor product⊗ k,s π E into F . Aron and Schottenloher [1] proved that the space P( k E) of continuous k-homogeneous polynomials defined on a Banach space E is complemented in P( n E) whenever k < n. Later, Blasco [3] got the vector valued case by proving that the completed projective symmetric k-fold tensor product⊗ k,s π E is a complemented subspace of⊗ n,s π E for k < n. In this note we undertake a detailed study of the behavior of the main distinguished polynomials and linear mappings involved in the linearization process and their interplay when the space of linear operators is identified with a complemented subspace of homogeneous polynomials. We show two applications. On the one hand we apply our study to the weak approximation property and the quasi approximation property on projective symmetric tensor products. The results we obtain are related to the results of [2], especially [2, Theorem 4.2]. On the other hand, we show that the example of a polynomial P γ constructed in [4], that is neither p-dominated nor compact, and weakly compact only when the underlying space is reflexive, can be identified with the projection map of the symmetric tensor product onto the space.

Secondary forest road network planning and primary timber extraction systems play very important roles in sustainable forest management. The progression of forest areas in Turkey and the world towards mountains as well as the increase in working obligations have made timber extraction systems gain more importance. The forest areas found in mountainous lands with harsh slopes in Turkey makes timber extraction systems more problematic and more complex. The objective of this study is to develop a model for timber extraction systems using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis considering terrain morphology and secondary forest road network. Additionally the forest road network in Anbardağ forest planning unit of Giresun province in Turkey was investigated considering forest road density and forest road spacing. According to obtained results, the forest road length was 226.34 km, forest road density was 11.74 m/ha, forest road spacing was 851.7 m and road coverage was 51% of the study area. Chainsaw–small size cable crane (36.76%) and chainsaw–medium size cable crane (27.94%) were selected as the most suitable timber extraction systems for the steep terrain study area according to our model. They were followed by chainsaw–forest tractor (23.52%), chainsaw–agriculture tractor (10.29%) and chainsaw–sledge yarder (1.49%). The results of this study showed that GIS saved a considerable amount of labor force, time and cost for the evaluation of forest road network as well as the development model for timber extraction system.

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