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Steroid hormones play essential roles in the reproductive biology of vertebrates. Estrogen exercises its effect through estrogen receptors and is not only a female reproductive hormone but acts virtually in all vertebrates, including fish, and is involved in the physiological and pathological states in all males and females. Estrogen has been implicated in mandible conservation and circulatory and central nervous systems as well as the reproductive system. is review intended to understand the structure, function, binding affinities, and activations of estrogens and estrogen receptors and to discuss the understanding of the role of sex steroid hormone estrogen receptors in mammals and fish.

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Globally, the aquaculture industry has seen significant development through increased fish production, as a result of increased demand for fish and fish products. Ghana's aquaculture sector has seen significant growth in recent years, due to the government/World Bank-funded fisheries program through Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development (MOFAD). The national aquaculture production grew from over 32,512 MT/y in 2013 to 52,470.49 MT/y, representing 11.3% of the national harvest, in 2016. Aquaculture production is projected to hit 72,000 Tons, representing 15% of national fish production, in the next 3-5 years. Despite the significant growth, the sector is faced with several challenges related to management and production problems. For instance, limited knowledge of modern aquaculture techniques, inadequate supplies of improved seed, lack of continuing aquaculture policy direction, and inadequate funding for research. Despite the challenges, there are some fantastic opportunities in Ghana's aquaculture industry such as the production of live fish food, marine fish and shellfish culture, integrated fish farming, the culture of indigenous fish species, and investment in the fish feed industry. In this review, we explore the current state, obstacles, potentials, and future opportunities for Ghana's aquaculture sector. We propose measures that should be looked at to overcome the challenges as well as improve production in the sector.