In June 2013, the Brazilian Government sent to the Congress a proposal for the new regulatory framework of the mining sector, which includes an increase in royalties paid by mining companies. Critics of this proposal argue that this increase does not occur under a broader tax reform. Therefore, the new tax can rise the extraction cost of some minerals in Brazil, hampering the integration of companies into the international market and hence discouraging productive investment in the country. The aim of this thesis is to conduct an economic analysis of the financial compensation for the exploitation of mineral resources (CFEM) under the new Mining Code. Through a general equilibrium model, it simulated the potential impact of the increased royalties on the mining industry, considering their effects on the national economy as well as on the main Brazilian mining states. Results show that despite the falling investment and production on the mining industry, the rise of regional public spending should boost local economies, generating income and higher prices. However, the model adopted in the simulation does not take into account that changes in the CFEM's calculation basis can affect the behavior of miners and that the new revenues can change the fiscal policy of benefiting governments. In order to assess the first possibility, theoretical models were analyzed, whose results indicate that the new Mining Code is moving away from a neutral taxation arrangement, which is not desirable. However, since the information asymmetry between investor and regulator also generates losses to the government, it is suggested a new alternative, which consists in a two-component CFEM: a fixed one and a variable one. The proportions of each component should be set by auctions in order to allocate mineral rights to interested investors. With the purpose of considering the second hypothesis, the impacts of CFEM on the fiscal policy of the municipalities were analyzed. In order to do so, several econometric models based on a spatial propensity score weighting are estimated. The effects of CFEM on the tax effort of the municipalities, on the hiring of employees by the public sector and on the current public spending of municipalities are tested. Results show that, in general, CFEM rents: (i) decrease the effort of municipalities; (ii) increase the hiring in the public sector; and (iii) cause an expansion of current public spending significantly higher than that resulting from increases in income per capita (flypaper effect). Based on these results, it is suggested the adoption of a Sovereign Resources Fund for federal administration of CFEM. States and municipalities should be shareholders of the fund, but some predefined rules to rescue resources should be observed.

RESUMO O presente artigo pretende discutir o papel do uso de ferramentas digitais na pesquisa e na escrita da história, refletindo sobre as transformações e os desafios no modo de produção do conhecimento na prática de investigação da ciência histórica, abordando dois aspectos fundamentais: a) o progressivo uso de fontes de pesquisa provenientes de acervos ou repositórios digitais, por meio da análise da Hemeroteca Digital Brasileira (HDB) da Biblioteca Nacional (BN); e b) a maneira como os aplicativos de análises de dados qualitativos - CAQDAS, acrônimo do inglês computer assisted qualitative data analysis software - podem servir para minimizar os problemas e as limitações gerados pelo uso inadvertido e com pouco rigor metodológico das ferramentas digitais. Aqui, utilizaremos o programa ATLAS.ti como exemplo. Concluímos que a busca e a análise digital transformam não apenas a pesquisa histórica, mas possibilitam novas perguntas, problemas e respostas, impactando tanto a teoria quanto o método da disciplina.

ResumoEste artigo investiga assimetrias entre os concorrentes dos leilões para exploração de petróleo no Brasil, através da comparação estatística das distribuições dos lances, estimadas por procedimentos não paramétricos. Uma análise exploratória dos lances empreendidos, contendo diversas combinações de jogadores, corroborou a expectativa da presença de assimetrias em favor da Petrobras e da OGX. Comparamos as distribuições e testamos diferenças a partir do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os resultados reforçam a hipótese de assimetrias, mas há evidências estilizadas compatíveis com a presença de assimetrias de natureza informacional e também de custos.Palavras-chave: Leilões; Indústria do petróleo; Regulação. AbstractThis article investigates asymmetries among bidders in the bidding for oil in Brazil, by comparing statistically the distributions of bids. Distributions are estimated by nonparametric procedures. An exploratory analysis of the bids, containing several combinations of players, confirmed the expectation that there are asymmetries in favor of Petrobras and OGX. We compare the distributions and test differences using the KolmogorovSmirnov test. The results support the hypothesis of asymmetries, but there is stylized evidence consistent with both informational and cost asymmetries.

Este artigo busca compreender as formas de participação e organização da população negra, a racionalidade e os sentidos políticos de suas lutas pela manutenção de direitos e autonomia através da análise da Revolta Canboulay do Carnaval de 1881, ocorrida na cidade de Porto de Espanha, capital da então colônia britânica de Trinidad, no Caribe. Os foliões negros precisaram dialogar com forças sociais múltiplas – polícia, governo colonial e imprensa – que se empenharam em controlar e delimitar os sentidos dos carnavais e da participação negra na sociedade colonial. Através de fontes primárias e de bibliografia especializada, pretendemos realizar uma análise de história social da cultura, pensando a Revolta a partir das contribuições de E. P. Thompson sobre costume, direito e lei.

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