A monolayer of a phosphonated triarylamine adsorbed on nanocrystalline TiO2, ZrO2, or Al2O3 film deposited on conducting glass displays reversible electrochemical and electrochromic behavior although the redox potential of the electroactive molecules (0.80 V vs NHE) lies in the forbidden band of the semiconducting or insulating oxides. The mechanism of charge transport was found to involve hole injection from the conducting support followed by lateral electron hopping within the monolayer. The apparent diffusion coefficient ranged from 2.8 × 10(-12) m(2) s(-1) in the neat 1-ethyl-2-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EtMeIm(+)Tf2N(-)) to 1.1 × 10(-11) m(2) s(-1) in acetonitrile + 2 M EtMeIm(+)Tf2N(-). A percolation threshold for electronic conductivity was found at a surface coverage corresponding to 50% of a full monolayer.

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