The rise of global urbanisation has led to massive pressures on resources such as food, water, infrastructure, and energy demand to support growing populations. It brings adverse impacts on the liveable condition and economic growth of a country if this problem remains unsolved. Smart city is a potential solution to address the challenges of urbanisation by leveraging the technological breakthrough such as internet of things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, big data, and cloud computing to facilitate scarce resources planning and management. With numerous connected devices and vast communication networks, it poses a challenges of security threat which cannot be addressed by the conventional cybersecurity solutions. Blockchain offers a solution in securing the huge numbers of connected devices in smart city network. The application of blockchain technology is leading in the banking and financial industry. However, the uses and implementations in smart city have emerged in recent years. The combination of blockchain technology and smart city has offered a great potential for sustainable development. Thus, it is imperative to discuss the potential of these two elements in making the city safer and sustainable. This paper explores how the blockchain technology application can help in managing smart city and achieve sustainability. The findings revealed that there are five key areas of blockchain application in smart city which are smart governance, smart mobility, smart asset, smart utility and smart logistic. A framework for smart sustainable city with blockchain technology is presented as an outcome of this study. It gives a clear overview for the policy makers and regulators of how blockchain supports within smart city framework. It facilitates the transition towards smart and sustainable cities through the use of blockchain.

The building industry has an undeniable impact on the natural environment. Evidence shows that existing buildings make a significant contribution to energy demand and CO2 emissions. Refurbishing existing buildings offers significant opportunities to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The Malaysian government has set a target to retrofit 100 government buildings in order to contribute to the country's commitment to reduce the CO2 emissions intensity of gross domestic product by 45% by 2030. However, there is no specific sustainability assessment scheme targeted at building refurbishment in Malaysia. Thus, this research aims to support the development of a refurbishment sustainability assessment scheme for Malaysia. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was adopted in order to rank assessment themes and identify the priorities of the study's participating stakeholders. The outcome is the Malaysian Refurbishment Assessment Scheme (MRAS), which includes a set of weightings and a classification system for the selected assessment themes and subthemes. The methods and findings can be adapted for use by other practitioners to develop building assessment schemes in order to pursue the goals of sustainable development through refurbishment.

Growing climate change challenges and increasingly strict sustainability standards have led to a significant growth in the need for building refurbishment projects which are essentially focused on retrofitting in order to make them low carbon, energy efficient and environmentally friendly. The Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) suggested that Building Information Modelling (BIM) should be used to achieve sustainability requirements during refurbishment projects as a correspondence to the National Audit Office (NAO) sustainability report. BIM is now widely advocated as the preferred tool for the management and co-ordination of design and construction data using object-oriented principles. The successful integration of environmental assessment into BIM for the whole of the construction lifecycle has not yet been achieved. The potential for using BIM in refurbishment projects specifically for achieving and managing sustainability requirements has not been yet critically reviewed or put into practice. This paper focuses on the use of BIM sustainability design tools in refurbishment projects, to achieve energy efficient buildings and achieve sustainability criteria for refurbishing non-domestic buildings. A critical lens is cast on the current literature in the domains of sustainable designs and the associated implications of the sustainability decision-support tools in BIM. The research also reviews the practicality of the existing sustainability decisionsupport tools that are currently used to assist with achieving environmental scheme certifications such as BREEAM and LEED for refurbishment projects.

The construction industry is known for its fragmentation, poor performance and negative impacts on the environment. In recent years, Building Information Modelling (BIM), lean principles and sustainability concerns have emerged as trends in the industry, since they aim to improve how buildings are delivered throughout their entire lifecycle. Value aggregation and efficiency in operational and environmental terms are major concerns by stakeholders and wider society. Integrating these practices would yield better project outcomes. However, majority of studies are focused on these elements in isolation or in pairs and there are no comprehensive frameworks suggesting an integration. This study researched, analysed and articulated existing work on a possible integration framework of BIM, lean and sustainability principles (BLS) to promote performance improvements. Current proposals were analysed along with drivers, benefits, barriers and challenges for integration. Academics and industry practitioners will benefit from this framework as it looks into future requirements of the industry, which is aiming to achieve better efficiency and enhancement of sustainability outcomes.

BackgroundThe Malaysian Construction Industry (CI) orchestrates an essential role in generating wealth for the nation and facilitate the development of social and economic well-being of the country. The industry employs an estimated 800,000 people, which represented 8% of total workforce (CIDB, 2006). This industry grew at 5.3% at 2007 and contributes 2.1% of total GDP for Malaysia (CIDB, 2008) creating a multiplier effect for other industries to expand and develop (including manufacturing sector, financial and banking, agriculture, mining and professional services). The estimated construction demand under the 9 th Malaysia Plan spanning from 2006-2010 is in the region of RM280billion (£56 billion * ), an average of RM56 billion per year in the stipulated timeframe (EPU, 2006). Further analysis shows RM120 billion demand will come from public spending, RM140 billion contributed by the private sectors and another RM20 billion under the Private Finance Initiatives (PFI) (CIDB, 2007).However, the industry is under a constant pressure to improve its performance. According to Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, 69% (552,000) out of total 800,000 of registered workers as in June 2007 were foreign workers (CIDB, 2007). Foreign workers are usually associated to unskilled workers, and thus provided a negative impact on the productivity and quality of the industry. Social problems associated with foreign workers have further aggravates the situation.The self-aggravated 3-D syndromedirty, difficult, and dangerousdistanced the local workforce and new graduates to participate in the industry. The productivity level of the industry experienced 1.52% increase from the previous year, but the level of growth is relatively low compared to other industries in the country (MPC, 2009). Occupational accidents and death rate in the industry is one of the highest in the country, accumulating to a total of 72 reported cases in 2008 and 95 reported cases in 2007.These rates were on-par with the number of cases as in manufacturing industry, although manufacturing account for larger volume of works and higher number of occupational accidents (DOSH, 2008). Issues of sustainability have been duly highlighted in the Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP) (CIDB, 2006) as being of significant importance for the Malaysian CI. The Malaysian Green Building Index (GBI) has been developed recently to promote sustainability construction in built * Exchange rate approximately £1 = RM5 (