<p><span>When an area is highly populated with Machine-to-Machine devices and all these devices attempt to access the Random Access Network Simultaneously, congestion is created on the network which degrades the performance of the network to other users. In this paper, the researchers are seeking to improve network accessibility by deploying more Femtocell into the network. They engaged the use of Extended Access Barring to restrict the M2M devices from accessing the network via macrocell eNB when a minimum load threshold is attained, thereby preventing the macrocell eNB from being congested. Deploying these Femtocells underneath the macrocell eNB comes with the issue of Inter-Cell Interference which nullifies any gains made by this deployment. The researchers employed Fractional Frequency Reuse and Complete Frequency Reuse schemes to mitigate the negative effects of ICI to augment the throughput of the network, improve the system capacity and enhanced the user experience within the network.</span></p>

Changes in posture is among the risk factors of low back pain. The shape of the lumbar spine is influenced in a way by a strain on tendons and muscles because of abnormal posture. Little is known about what the nominal value of key radiologic angles for the Ghanaian populace is and accordingly, what comprises hypo-/hyper-lordosis. The Lumbar Lordotic Angle (LSA) and Lumbosacral Angle (LSA) are potential angles, for the examination of low back issues, in addition to treatment and diagnosis. The study was intended to measure LLA and LSA of this populace using the local data. A retrospective methodology was adopted to gather typical laterally prostrate lumbosacral radiographs of 140 subjects (15 years or more) in a recumbent position. Results: The normal LLA values varied between 20.90 to 68.00 with the mean (standard deviation) of 35.9 (9.82)° and there exist a significant difference with sex but insignificant variations among the age categories comparable to a number of the literature values. The normal LSA values varied between 15.00 and 51.00 with the mean (standard deviation) of 34.3 (7.45) ° and there was no significant variation with sex and among the age categories. Conclusion: Furthermore, it has been established that the measured values at which to consider hypolordosis (below LLA=17.9°; LSA=12.00), and hyper-lordosis (above LLA=72.0°; LSA=55.00) in the Ghana population. This study have also established that in all the various age groups between 15 and 80 years, there exist no significant difference in the mean LLA and LSA among the groups, and this affirms that the development of lumbar lordosis reaches a plateau when spine is fully developed. Furthermore, female LSA and LLA shows higher measured values compared to their male counterpart in the Ghanaian population which confirmed other study values in literature. Finally, a reference chart of LSA and LLA has also been developed for clinical application in Ghana.

<span>Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication over the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) networks has witness exponential growth and expansion in the last couple of years. This expansion has created an increase in the demand for high speed internet, multimedia messaging services, digital broadcasting etc, thus fuelling higher data traffic. The network operators in trying to meet this increasing demand injected more access points by deploying more Base Stations (BSs) to make the network denser. The BSs are the major consumers of energy in the wireless communication network due to the use of inefficient power amplifiers and therefore deploying more BSs into the network will increase the power consumption and the networks operational cost. The aim of this paper was to examine the power consumption patterns of the main elements in the BS, employ various techniques to reduce their power consumption, reduce the operational cost and improve the efficiency of the BS.</span>