Objetivou-se estudar o efeito nematicida de manipueira no controle de Meloidogyne incognita. Testes in vitro foram divididos em dois ensaios inteiramente casualizados: 1. manipueira a 100%, 75%, 50% e 25% em 12 repetições; 2. manipueira a 15%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4% e 2% em 5 repetições. O ensaio em vasos seguiu o delineamento inteiramente casualisado com manipueira a 10%, 25% e 50% em 5 repetições. Para ambos os ensaios utilizou-se o tratamento somente água como testemunha positiva e Carbofuran (50 mg.L-1 de ingrediente ativo (i.a.) ou 2 g de produto comercial/vaso) como negativa. Para os ensaios in vitro foram avaliados nematóides vivos e mortos e número de galhas em plantas inoculadas. Para os ensaios em vaso foram avaliadas as variáveis altura de plantas, comprimento de raízes, número de galhas, número de ovos e fator de reprodução (FR). Os resultados in vitro demonstraram que os tratamentos com manipueira até 10% de diluição apresentaram 100% de controle. O ensaio com tomateiros previamente inoculados demonstrou que o tratamento manipueira 50% causou um melhor desenvolvimento da parte aérea das plantas de tomate. Os tratamentos manipueira a 10% e 25% foram mais efetivos no controle de M. incognita em vasos.
Allelochemical compounds are present in tissues of different plants` parts and also in other organisms, being released into the environment and thus affecting plants development. There is evidence that secondary metabolites produced by weeds may exhibit several allelopathic effects. This study aimed to evaluate allelopathic activity based on the interaction of aqueous extracts preparations and their concentrations obtained from Bidens sulphurea (Cav.) Sch. Bip. leaves on germination and seedlings development of Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand rapids (lettuce). The extracts were obtained from fresh leaves and prepared by infusion, decoction, leaching and grinding methods, at concentrations of 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30%, with four replications with 25 lettuce seeds. Seven days after the percentages of abnormal seedlings and germination, shoot and root length (cm) were evaluated, while germination speed index (GSI) was daily determined and calculated. The experiment was completely randomized in a 4x5 factorial design, with four extract preparation methods and 5 concentrations. It was found out that the B. sulphurea aqueous extracts did not affect the germination and abnormal seedling development percentages in lettuce seeds. The aqueous extracts and their concentrations showed allelopathic effect for GSI, shoot and root length variables, despite their methods of preparation. This effect is not only inhibitory, but in some cases it was also stimulatory.
RESUMOEste estudo objetivou conhecer a variabilidade genética em populações do nematóide de cisto da soja (NCS), Heterodera glycines, utilizando para inoculação das diferenciadoras populações monocísticas e policísticas. Cistos de H. glycines foram extraídos de amostras de solo coletadas em plantações de soja dos municípios de Cruz Alta RS e Porto Mendes PR e em Novo Horizonte PR, distrito de Marechal Cândido Rondon, com posterior inoculação de ovos e J2 nas diferenciadoras. A reação das diferenciadoras frente ao inóculo policístico permitiu a identificação apenas da raça prevalecente ou em maior população dentro de cada amostra coletada, tendo sido detectada apenas a raça 3 na amostra de Cruz Alta e somente a raça 6 na amostra de Porto Mendes. Porém, não foi possível identificar a raça prevalecente de H. glycines para a amostra de Novo Horizonte. Contudo, quando se estudou a variabilidade genética do NCS dentro de cada amostra, utilizando-se inóculo oriundo da multiplicação de cistos individuais, observou-se a ocorrência das raças 6 e 3 na amostra de Cruz Alta, raças 6, 5 e 2 para Porto Mendes e raças 10 e 6 para Novo Horizonte. Portanto, o processo monocístico permitiu antever a evolução populacional das raças nas amostras do NCS estudadas. Palavras-chave: Heterodera glycines, hospedeiros diferenciadores, isolados monocísticos, isolados policísticos. ABSTRACT Genetic variability in field populations of the soybean cyst nematode from the states of Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilThis work aimed to study the genetic variability in populations of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, using polycystic and monocystic populations for inoculation on differential hosts. Cysts of H. glycines were extracted from soil samples collected in soybean plantations from the counties of Cruz Alta RS and Porto Mendes PR and from Novo Horizonte PR, district of Marechal Cândido Rondon, with further inoculation of eggs and J2 on differential hosts. The differential host reaction, using polycystic inoculum, allowed only the identification of the prevalent race or the race with highest population within each sample. In the sample of Cruz Alta only race 3 was detected and in the sample of Porto Mendes only race 6. However, it was not possible to identify the prevalent race of H. glycines in the sample of Novo Horizonte. Nevertheless, when the genetic variability of SCN was studied within each population, using inoculum from populations built up from single cysts, races 6 and 3 were detected in the sample of Cruz Alta, races 6, 5 and 2 from Porto Mendes and races 10 and 6 from Novo Horizonte. Therefore, the monocystic process allowed to know the race diversity in the samples studied.
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