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The primate order presents a great diversity of social organization, from species considered solitary to those where the individuals of a group remain together all the time. Capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) generally live in stable and cohesive groups, without the formation of subgroups. However, their social organization can be more flexible. Two former studies on two populations of Cebus nigritus from the Atlantic Forest suggested the occurrence of subgrouping, but the authors could not conclude whether the observed processes were due to a permanent division of a large group or whether these populations were actually fission-fusion societies. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the capuchin monkey groups of the State Park Carlos Botelho (PECB) can be characterized as a fission-fusion society or subgrouping is a temporary strategy prior to a permanent division of a large group. From January 2003 to March 2006, two social groups were followed, with the adult individuals recognized. Data from other groups were collected in an opportunistic way. To verify whether the group was foraging in a cohesive way or divided in subgroups, a census of the group members was performed at each hour and, and the number of adult males, adult females and juveniles were counted to analyze the composition of the subgroups. In order to evaluate the food availability 153 pitfall traps were distributed along the long home range. Data about behavior (locomotion, rest, foraging and locomotion more foraging) and diet (fruits, invertebrates and leaves) were registered by scan sampling every 5 minutes. The depletion time of fruit sources (FTFS) and the number of individuals that fed together in the same tree (size of feeding subunity) were recorded. All the capuchin monkey groups observed in the PECB were organized as a fission-fusion society, splitting into subgroups of variable size and composition, with preferential associations between pairs of male and female, composition multi-male/multi-female and absence of dominance among females. All these observed characteristics are similar to chimpanzees and neotropical primates which present fissionfusion. The main difference among capuchin monkeys and these species are the sexual dispersion from natal group. In capuchin monkeys the males migrate among groups, while in fission-fusion societies the males are philopatric. In relation to the ecological data, the FTFS and the feeding subunity size had low values for all the capuchin monkey groups, indicating that the fruit sources at PECB are poor quality resources and do not support all group members. There was a relation between subgroup size and pattern of food availability: the largerer and more uniformly distributed the fruit sources the animals were feeding, the larger the subgroup. Therefore, capuchin monkeys at PECB adjust their group size in response to the ecological variations, due to the low fruit availability and thus, this great flexibility allows them to adapt to a new environment and to behave in order to increase th...

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RESUMO:As alterações ambientais são um desafio para o gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos, no qual podem variar a disponibilidade desse recurso. A curva de permanência avalia a vazão de um curso d´água em um intervalo de tempo, sendo uma ferramenta importante para conhecimento da dinâmica hídrica de uma bacia hidrográfica. Consequentemente, o conhecimento das vazões de permanência auxilia ao zoneamento hidrológico e ao manejo de bacias hidrográficas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as variáveis ambientais que influenciam nas vazões de permanência bem como no zoneamento hidrológico para o Estado de São Paulo. Dados de chuva, temperatura anual, umidade relativa do ar, percentual de argila, distância vertical à drenagem, altitude, declividade e parâmetros das curvas de permanência de vazões específicas médias mensais foram utilizados para as bacias analisadas. Assim, para verificar as variáveis que apresentam alta relação com as vazões de permanência e para definir zonas hidrológicas foi realizado uma análise fatorial, seguido de uma análise de agrupamento dos fatores obtidos. O parâmetro da curva de permanência com maior correlação com as variáveis ambientais foi o parâmetro de escala (, principalmente com as precipitações sazonal e anual. A análise de fatores mostrou que 5 fatores explicam 82% da variância total, em que por meio desses, obteve-se 5 regiões hidrológicas pela análise de agrupamento.

A Deus por me proporcionar a oportunidade de evoluir por meio dos estudos.Aos meus pais, pelo amor incondicional, carinho, apoio e educação.Aos meus irmãos pelo constante apoio.Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Vettorazzi, por sua orientação, conversa, por compartilhar seus conhecimentos durante a pesquisa.Aos professores Doutores Peterson Fiorio, Rubens Angulo, Hilton Thadeu, Carlos Pedreira, Sérgio Nascimento e Jarbas pelas conversas, compartilhar seus conhecimentos, ensinamentos que proporcionaram evolução na jornada em busca do conhecimento. Aos colegas de sensoriamento: Rodrigo, Pedro, Juliano, Leila, Raoni, Magda e todos alunos e estagiários pela companhia e cafezinhos.Aos colegas de outros departamentos: