1. Three monkeys (2.5-3.5 kg) were trained to pinch an object between the thumb and forefinger and to lift it a vertical distance of 1.0-2.0 cm. Either the object weight (15, 65, or 115 g) or the surface texture (sand paper or polished metal) contacting the fingers could be varied. The object was equipped with a vertical position transducer, an accelerometer, and strain gauges that measured the grip force and the vertical load force. 2. In accordance with similar previously published studies on human subjects, it was found that monkeys appropriately scaled the grip forces according to the weight and coefficient of friction of the object. The grip force preceded the load force by 25 ms, and they both covaried with the changes in surface friction. 3. An analysis of electromyograms (EMGs) recorded intramuscularly from the muscles of the wrist and fingers including both flexors and extensors indicated that 26 muscles were active during pinching and lifting. Of these, 17 produced the maximum activity for the slippery surface and the greatest weight and the least activity with the roughest surface and lightest weight. 4. A total of 59 Purkinje cells and 123 unidentified units recorded from the paravermal and lateral cerebellar cortex were found to change their firing frequency during lifting the experimental object. 5. Increased discharge during the grasping and lifting was found for 56% (33/59) of the Purkinje cells and 80% (98/123) of the unidentified neurons, whereas 44% (26/59) of the Purkinje cells and 20% of the unidentified neurons decreased activity during the same period. 6. Significant modulations of the firing frequency with surface texture or object weight occurred for 59% (35/59) of the Purkinje cells and 67% (82/123) of the unidentified neurons. 7. One hundred and three Purkinje and unidentified neurons recorded in the paravermal and lateral region of the cerebellar cortex were examined for peripheral receptive fields, and of these, 43/103 (42%) responded exclusively to imposed displacements and tapping of muscles suggesting afferents originating from proprioceptors. A further 28/103 (27%) had exclusively cutaneous receptive fields on the hand that could be stimulated by brushing the skin lightly with a sable hair brush. Only six neurons demonstrated convergent cutaneous and proprioceptive receptive fields and no response to peripheral stimulation could be found for 26 neurons. No difference was found between the receptive fields of Purkinje cells and those of the unidentified neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
This paper describes a new cell cluster segmentation algorithm based on global and local thresholding for in-situ microscopy. The global threshold is estimated by applying a known Maximum Likelihood Thresholding technique. Assuming that the background pixels around a cluster have similar intensity values, the local threshold used to improve the segmented region after global thresholding is estimated as the average of the intensity values of a set of selected surrounding background pixels of that region. First, all pixels on the border of the segmented region are defined as possible candidates of surrounding background pixels. Then, an algorithm based on RANSAC (RANdom SAmple Consensus) is applied to detect outliers within the candidates. Only the inliers are used for estimation of the local threshold value. The algorithm was applied to real intensity images captured by an in-situ microscope. The experimental results show that the segmentation accuracy improved by 82%.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer las necesidades de actualización que tienen las personas profesionales en ejercicio laboral, graduadas en la profesión de Orientación entre los años 2011 y 2015, con el grado de licenciatura de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Para ello se utiliza una metodología de investigación cuantitativa con un alcance descriptivo. Para la recolección de los datos, se diseñó un cuestionario que se aplicó a la población en estudio. En cuanto a los resultados, estos se analizaron de manera descriptiva con frecuencias y porcentajes. La variable del estudio corresponde a las necesidades formativas de las personas profesionales de la Orientación seleccionadas con criterios de inclusión. Se consideró la información académica y laboral; posteriormente, los tópicos de mayor interés para la formación del quehacer profesional en Orientación. Se estudió, además, las distintas áreas formativas de la disciplina de Orientación, tales como vocacional, laboral, grupal, familiar, escolar, penitenciaria, legislación, investigación, comunitaria, desarrollo humano y la interculturalidad; para preparar profesionales altamente competentes en su trabajo, y así conocer las necesidades de formación continua requeridas en la actualidad, se identificaron los tópicos más importantes y de mayor interés para recibir formación. También, se determinó el orden de prioridad, según la opinión de las personas profesionales en Orientación y, se profundiza en el fortalecimiento de diversas competencias profesionales, campos temáticos y tópicos de interés, al brindar cursos tanto presenciales como en línea, desde la Orientación familiar, comunitaria, vocacional, laboral, escolar, personal, entre otras. Se podrá continuar con las ofertas de educación permanente para profesionales en Orientación, con el objetivo de que se superen o fortalezcan aquellas áreas formativas que así lo requieran para un mejor desempeño profesional, mediante la adquisición de competencias las cuales les permitan desempeñarse en diferentes contextos laborales. Asimismo, atender las necesidades sociales que puedan ser abordadas desde esta disciplina.
ResumenEn este artículo se presenta la sistematización de las experiencias de cuatro cursos impartidos como parte del proyecto de Acción Social de la Universidad de Costa Rica ED-3138 Formación continua para profesionales en Orientación. Se utilizó el modelo de sistematización propuesto por Oscar Jara; con el objetivo de fortalecer el proyecto de formación continua a partir de la experiencia vivida en los cursos impartidos, dar cuenta de los aciertos y desaciertos de estas experiencias de aprendizaje para mejorar tanto el proyecto de formación continua, como para divulgar los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento. Uno de los puntos de llegada más importantes con la elaboración de esta sistematización es que facilitó en las personas participantes, la construcción y reconstrucción de conocimientos relacionados con las distintas temáticas abordadas. Palabras clave: Formación continua; desarrollo profesional; profesionales en Orientación, sistematización. AbstractThis article presents the systematization of the experiences of four courses given as part of the Social Action project of the University of Costa Rica ED-3138 Continuous training for Orientation professionals. The systematization model proposed by Oscar Jara was used; with the aim of strengthening the project of continuous training based on the experience of the courses taught, to inform the successes and failures of these learning experiences to improve both the continuous training project and to disseminate the results obtained until the moment. One of the most important points of arrival with the elaboration of this systematization is that it facilitated in the participants, the construction and reconstruction of knowledge related to the different topics addressed.
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